Introduction to Psychology Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers an overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course explores foundational topics such as perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will become familiar with key theories, research methods, and applications of psychology in everyday life. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychological principles influence individual and group behavior, providing a basis for further study in psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Psychology 10th Edition by Myers
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Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Edward Titchener trained people to report elements of their experience and promoted a school of thought known as
A) behaviorism.
B) structuralism.
C) functionalism.
D) humanistic psychology.
Answer: B
Q2) Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information.Psychologists have referred to this as
A) SQ3R.
B) informed consent.
C) the testing effect.
D) massed practice.
Answer: C
Q3) When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course,she asserts that psychology is simply common sense.Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's assertion.
Answer: no answer
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Chapter 2: The Biology of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a professor accused you of cheating on a test,your adrenal glands would probably release ________ into your bloodstream.
A) endorphins
B) acetylcholine
C) epinephrine
D) insulin
Answer: C
Q2) After Lola began using a street drug to enhance her moods,she discovered that she needed larger and larger doses of the drug in order to feel the drug's effect.Use your understanding of the neurotransmission process to explain Lola's experience.
Answer: no answer
Q3) Mathematical and spatial reasoning capacities are especially likely to be linked with association areas in the
A) parietal lobes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) occipital lobes.
D) frontal lobes.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind
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Sample Questions
Q1) If heavy drinking follows a period of moderate drinking,people may poison themselves with an overdose because the moderate drinking
A) stimulates their secretion of serotonin.
B) reduces their body's level of free radicals.
C) depresses their vomiting response.
D) increases their inhibitions.
Answer: C
Q2) Brain regions that are active as people learn to perform a visual-discrimination task are especially likely to be active again later as they experience A) night terrors.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep apnea.
D) REM sleep.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span
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Q1) Research suggests that the best way to enhance memory and reduce the risk of significant cognitive decline in late adulthood is to engage in daily
A) problem-solving exercise.
B) visual-tracking exercise.
C) memory-retrieval exercise.
D) physical exercise.
Q2) As individuals progress through their teen years into early adulthood,their self-concepts typically become
A) less personalized and unique.
B) more fluid and changeable.
C) less integrated.
D) more positive.
Q3) Physical exercise in late adulthood has been found to
A) enhance muscle strength.
B) help prevent heart disease.
C) stimulate brain cell development.
D) do all of these things.
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Chapter 5: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) A homosexual orientation is viewed by most psychologists to be
A) equally likely among members of both sexes.
B) associated with a lack of clear gender identity.
C) neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.
D) characteristic of over 10 percent of American males.
Q2) It is most likely that in many cultures women's leadership responsibilities have been limited by their
A) androgyny.
B) primary sex characteristics.
C) gender roles.
D) secondary sex characteristics.
Q3) Males have ________ and females have ________.
A) one X chromosome;one Y chromosome
B) one Y chromosome;one X chromosome
C) one X chromosome;two X chromosomes
D) one Y chromosome;two Y chromosomes
Q4) Despite the increased availability of condoms,the rate of teen pregnancy continues to be high in many countries.Suggest how parents,teachers,religious leaders,government officials,and teenagers themselves could help remedy this situation.Include at least one concrete suggestion for EACH group.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tiny hair-like receptors that monitor the tilting of your head are located in the A) temporal lobe.
B) tendons,joints,and muscles.
C) olfactory bulb.
D) vestibular sacs.
Q2) A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
A) embodied cognition.
B) dissociation.
C) extrasensory perception.
D) posthypnotic suggestion.
Q3) When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface,the afterimage of the square is
A) yellow.
B) red.
C) green.
D) blue.
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Chapter 7: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for:
A) instinctive drift.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) fixed-interval reinforcement.
D) imitation.
Q2) After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug,people with alcohol use disorder may fail to develop an aversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug.This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.
A) mirror neurons
B) extrinsic motivation
C) cognitive processes
D) instinctive drift
Q3) Before Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone,the tone was a(n):
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) partial conditioner.
D) neutral stimulus.
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Chapter 8: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) A single word formed from the first letters of items you want to remember is called a(n):
A) synonym.
B) antonym.
C) homonym.
D) acronym.
Q2) Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land.This best illustrates:
A) automatic processing.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) context-dependent memory.
Q3) Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.
A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) explicit
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Chapter 9: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the words lightly,neatly,and shortly,the ly ending is a(n):
A) concept.
B) phoneme.
C) morpheme.
D) aphasia.
Q2) Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests':
A) standardization.
B) factor analysis.
C) reliability.
D) validity.
Q3) Who argued for a classification of nine independent intelligences,which include musical,spatial,and kinesthetic aptitudes?
A) Charles Spearman
B) Howard Gardner
C) William Stern
D) Robert Sternberg
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The insula is activated when people experience emotions such as:
A) pride.
B) lust.
C) disgust.
D) any of these emotions.
Q2) Eight-year-old Dejuan was teasing and hitting his sister because her friends would not allow him to play with them.His mother punished him by sending him to his room for 20 minutes.This punishment is likely to cause Dejuan to experience:
A) narcissism.
B) competence.
C) ostracism.
D) autonomy.
Q3) When Wong Chu was settled in the United States by a refugee resettlement agency,he was placed in an apartment complex with others from his country.This resettlement technique is called:
A) chain migration.
B) self-disclosure.
C) self-actualization.
D) ostracism.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
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Sample Questions
Q1) One person,alone in a house,dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress;someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed.These different reactions illustrate the importance of:
A) fight or flight.
B) stress appraisal.
C) catharsis.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.
Q2) The correlation between religious involvement and life expectancy is ________ among women and ________ among men.
A) positive;negative
B) negative;positive
C) positive;positive
D) negative;negative
Q3) Type A is to ________ as type B is to ________.
A) realistic;idealistic
B) introverted;extraverted
C) hard-driving;easygoing
D) optimistic;pessimistic
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Chapter 12: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage A) nonconformity.
B) deindividuation.
C) groupthink.
D) mood linkage.
Q2) What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?
A) Only about one-third of the participants continued to obey the experimenter and administer shocks beyond the 350-volt level.
B) Despite hearing protests from the "learner" in another room,60 percent of the participants continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.
C) The majority of the participants refused to continue the experiment when the "learner" first protested that the shocks were painful at the 90-volt level.
D) Even though ordered by the experimenter to do so,no participant went beyond the 300-volt level.
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14
Chapter 13: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Accepting ourselves without excessive dependence on the approval of others best illustrates
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) defensive self-esteem.
C) self-serving bias.
D) secure self-esteem.
Q2) Unconsciously motivated by miserliness,Mr.Rioja refused his son's request for money to buy the books he needs for school.In defending his actions,Mr.Rioja explained that "parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature,independent adults." Mr.Rioja's explanation is an example of A) rationalization.
B) projection.
C) displacement.
D) reaction formation.
Q3) Personality factors are best described as A) clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) internalized standards of judgment.
D) empirically derived tests.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) After conducting 90-minute interviews of 60,463 people,the World Health Organization estimated the number of prior-year mental disorders in 20 countries.Which area had the lowest rate of diagnosed psychological disorders?
A) United States
B) Nigeria
C) Italy
D) China (Shanghai)
Q2) Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)was the first to promote _______ for psychological disorders,instead of the brutal treatments used during his time.
A) moral treatment
B) a biopsychosocial approach
C) transfusions of animal blood
D) trephination
Q3) The experience of a fugue state is indicative of a(n)________ disorder.
A) eating
B) personality disorder
C) dissociative
D) emotional intelligence
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Chapter 15: Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Mary Cover Jones,3-year-old Peter lost his fear of rabbits when one was repeatedly presented while he was eating his midafternoon snack.This episode best illustrated the potential usefulness of
A) cognitive therapy.
B) exposure therapies.
C) free association.
D) transference.
Q2) Therapists who encourage clients to think primarily about others' expectations are likely to experience difficulty forming a strong ________ with clients who value individualism.
A) meta-analysis
B) therapeutic alliance
C) psychotherapy outcome study
D) randomized clinical trial
Q3) Systematic desensitization involves
A) depriving a client access to an addictive drug.
B) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.
C) replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response.
D) associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Exploring the Role of Industrial-Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be A) a reflection of differences between the populations they represent.
B) due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.
C) observed more than 5 percent of the time the groups are compared.
D) observed when the two groups are very large.
Q2) Expecting every faculty member at a university to teach the same number of courses and engage in the same amount of research would A) interfere with the practice of 360-degree feedback.
B) help to promote social leadership.
C) fail to adequately develop the unique strengths of each professor.
D) facilitate the professors' experience of flow.
Q3) To provide a rough estimate of how similar or diverse a set of scores is,we should calculate the
A) standard deviation.
B) mean.
C) median.
D) range.
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