Introduction to Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course examines fundamental concepts, theories, and research findings from various areas within psychology, including biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychological principles apply to everyday life and on developing critical thinking skills in evaluating psychological information. Through engaging lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students will gain insight into the factors influencing human thought, emotion, and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by David
Matsumoto
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) Hofstede's dimension of _____ has been used to both predict and explain many differences across cultures,especially in many aspects of thinking and emotions.
A)power distance
B)uncertainty avoidance
C)masculinity vs.femininity
D)individualism vs.collectivism
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the ratchet effect?
A)It refers to the idea that humans continually improve on improvements,that they do not go backward or revert to a previous state.
B)It is a set of basic psychological skills and abilities that people can use to meet their needs.
C)It is a psychological process that is found to be applicable for humans only after the beginning of civilization.
D)It is the process of learning about and being indoctrinated into a culture.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) On the individual level,Triandis referred to collectivism as idiocentrism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In the past,response biases were viewed as methodological artifacts that needed to be controlled in order to get to "true" responses,but today,there is a growing view of them as an important part of cultural influence on data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) _____ is a statistical technique that allows researchers to create groups of items on a questionnaire with each group assessing a single underlying psychological construct (or trait).
A)Factor analysis
B)Regression analysis
C)Pretest analysis
D)Effect size analysis
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) Which of the following is true of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory of human development?
A)It classifies the linkages between a child's microsystems as the chronosystem.
B)It classifies a child's family,school,and peer group as the microsystem.
C)It considers the influence of time as the immediate surroundings of a child.
D)It considers children as passive recipients of the enculturation and socialization processes.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process-the subjective,underlying,psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?
A)Enculturation
B)Adaptation
C)Emancipation
D)Extrication
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) A child who regards a book lying on its side as "tired" or "needing a rest," or thinks that the moon is following him or her is most likely to be in the _____ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operations
D) formal operations
Q2) According to Piaget,_____ is the process of fitting new ideas into a preexisting understanding of the world.
A) accommodation
B) assimilation
C) acculturation
D) attachment
Q3) Which of the following refers to how well a child's temperament matches the expectations and values of the parents,environment,and culture?
A)Behavioral inhibition
B)Temperamental interaction
C)Ambivalent attachment
D)Goodness of fit
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) Which of the following is the outcome of the study conducted by Tafarodi and Swann (1996)that tested the "cultural trade-off" hypothesis?
A)Chinese were lower in ratings of self-competence.
B)Americans were lower in ratings of self-competence.
C)Chinese were lower in self-liking.
D)Americans were higher in self-liking.
Q2) Which of the following is true of interdependent construal of self as described by Markus and Kitayama (1991b)?
A)The self is a bounded entity.
B)The self is clearly separated from relevant others.
C)The self is contingent on context.
D)The self isn't aware of its internal attributes.
Q3) _____ refers to the ways by which we bolster our self-esteem.
A)Self-effacement
B)Self-deprecation
C)Self-enhancement
D)Idealized self-appraisal
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of people with an external locus of control?
A) They see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior.
B) They see their behavior and relationships with the environment and others as contingent on forces outside themselves and beyond their control.
C) They feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit,leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy.
D) They need to worry about interpersonal harmony less because their group shares the goal of control.
Q2) According to Yamaguchi (2001),in _____,the self acts as an agent,and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit,leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy.
A)direct control
B)indirect control
C)proxy control
D)collective control
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8
Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) As men and women do not differ psychologically,most psychological researches today are conducted using men as participants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the study conducted by Archer (2006)that examined physical aggression between partners in 52 countries,the magnitude of the sex difference in physical aggression in each of these countries was related to:
A)levels of gender stereotypes and collectivism.
B)genes.
C)hormones.
D)levels of gender empowerment and individualism.
Q3) Which of the following terms refers to the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture?
A)Gender stratification
B)Gender role
C)Gender identity
D)Gender stereotype
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Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) _____ refers to the focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli.
A)Initiation
B)Aspiration
C)Perception
D)Attention
Q2) Which of the following represents Steele's view on stereotype threats?
A)He posited that societal stereotypes about a group can influence the performance of individuals from that group.
B)He stated that standardized test will not help in testing IQ levels of people belonging to different cultures.
C)He claimed that implementation of standardized test for intellectual ability will decrease the detrimental effects of stereotype threats.
D)He posited that stereotype threats are present only among the African American community in the United States.
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10
Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) In the context of cross-cultural studies on emotion appraisal processes,which of the following universal underlying psychological themes is most likely to elicit the emotion of disgust?
A)Loss of loved one or object
B)Goal obstruction
C)Contamination
D)Threat to physical or psychological well-being
Q2) The core emotion system that produces basic emotions in humans is an inflexible system that is unable to adapt to different contexts and events.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In humans,_____ are emotions that focus on the self and are associated with cognitive representations of self and others as intentional agents.
A)self-conscious emotions
B)self-enhancement emotions
C)self-oriented emotions
D)self-centered emotions
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11
Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) Which of the following is a difference between illustrative and emblematic gestures?
A)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures can highlight speech and exhibit specific forms of honoforic speech.
B)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures are used in both high-context and low-context cultures.
C)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures can stand on their own without speech and convey verbal meaning.
D)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures exhibit shades of ethnocentrism.
Q2) Placing both hands at the side of one's head and pointing upward with the forefingers signals that one is angry in some cultures (such as Japan);in others,however,it refers to the devil;and in others it means that one wants sex.This is an example of _____.
A)paralinguistic cues
B)emblematic gestures
C)proxemics
D)phonemes
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Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) Yurkovich and Lattergrass (2008)were the first to point out that the definition of health by World Health Organization (WHO)includes spiritual well-being alongside physical,mental,and social well-being.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Differences across cultures in _____ play a role in contributing to the striking differences in rates of overweight and obesity.
A)ethnicities
B)lifestyles
C)gender roles
D)religious practices
Q3) According to Kleinman et al.(2006),views of health in many Western countries have been heavily influenced by what many call the _____ of health and disease.
A)pathological model
B)biomedical model
C)pathogenic model
D)phenomenological model
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Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the study that compared European and Asian Americans who were depressed with nondepressed people from the same cultural backgrounds,to gauge their emotional reactions to happy and sad films?
A)The results showed that there were no differences between depressed and nondepressed individuals when watching the happy film.
B)Depressed European Americans showed more emotional expression when watching the sad film than nondepressed European Americans.
C)Depressed Asian Americans show less emotional expression when watching the sad film than nondepressed Asian Americans.
D)The researchers concluded that depression has no effect on emotional expression.
Q2) According to Pfeiffer (1982),which of the following is a dimension for understanding how culture syndromes of distress emerge?
A)Cultural-specific areas of stress
B)Cultural decoding rules
C)Cultural idioms of distress
D)Cultural display rules
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Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) One of the goals of psychotherapy is to help people to become more functional within their society,and functionality itself is _____ determined.
A)culturally
B)biologically
C)bureaucratically
D)congenially
Q2) The reduced utilization of mental health services by Native Americans may be the result of cultural beliefs that:
A)seeking help outside the family for treatment reflects weakness of character and disgrace.
B)sickness comes from disharmony with one's community,nature,and spiritual world.
C)religious and folk healers can cure any disease.
D)mental health professionals are not trustworthy.
Q3) Research indicates that ethnic similarity between client and therapist may be more important than similarity of worldviews and attitudes to treatment.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following best describes a concept?
A)It is a mental category we use to classify events,objects,situations,behaviors,and people with respect to what we perceive as common properties.
B)It is a context dependent perceptual process that focuses on the relationships between objects and their contexts.
C)It is a term denoting all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge.
D)It is an apparent perception of something that is tactile in nature.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of attractiveness ratings based on the recent research conducted on North Americans?
A)Attractiveness ratings are positively correlated with modesty.
B)Attractiveness ratings are negatively correlated with adjustment.
C)There is no correlation between attractiveness ratings and dominance.
D)Attractiveness ratings are strongly correlated with intellectual competence.
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16
Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Questions
Q1) _____ refers to unwelcome sexual advances,requests for sexual favors,or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature in which submission to such behavior is a condition to employment and employment decisions affecting the individual,and where the behavior interferes with the individual's work environment or creates an intimidating,offensive,or hostile work environment.
A) Psychological contract
B) Sexual harassment
C) Sexual addiction
D) Culture shock
Q2) According to Hofstede,cultures with long-term orientations are based on the principle that:
A) unequal status relationships cause imbalance in the society.
B) unequal status relationships lead to a stable society.
C) there should be greater distinction between business and family lives.
D) the focus should be on bottomline profits rather than building relationships.
Q3) Organizations need vertical or hierarchical relationships based on status and power.
A)True
B)False
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