Introduction to Psychology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational concepts such as perception, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, development, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will examine major theoretical perspectives, including biological, cognitive, behavioral, and sociocultural approaches, while learning about research methods used in psychology. Emphasis is placed on applying psychological principles to real-world situations, understanding individual and group differences, and critically evaluating psychological research and its relevance to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods in Psychology Evaluating a World of Information 2nd Edition by Beth Morling
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Chapter 1: Psychology Is a Way of Thinking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how the peer-review process ensures that only quality science is published.
Answer: Students should say that peer reviewers act as gatekeepers or monitors of quality science by evaluating research that is submitted and ensuring that only good research is published.They may also state that peer reviewers comment on what is good and what is bad about the research and provide suggestions for improving the research before it is published.
Q2) Which of the following people will likely NOT find it important to be a consumer of psychological research professionally?
A)High school teachers
B)Gardeners
C)Human resource managers
D)Sales representatives
Answer: B
Q3) What are the three components of a good theory?
Answer: Students should state the three components (falsifiable,supported by data,and parsimonious).
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Chapter 2: Sources of Information: Evaluating, finding, and Reading Information
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Q1) Name the six basic sections of an empirical journal article.
Answer: The six basic sections of an empirical journal article are the abstract,the introduction,the Method,the Results,the Discussion,and the References.
Q2) Psychological scientists may choose to publish their work in all of the following EXCEPT:
A)Edited books
B)Popular magazines
C)Scientific journals
D)Full-length books
Answer: B
Q3) An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an:
A)Confound
B)Alternative
C)Confederate
D)Secondary explanation
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Three Claims, four Validities: Interrogation Tools
for Consumers of Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education.In examining her scatterplot,she sees that the cloud of points has no slope.This indicates which type of relationship?
A)Negative association
B)Positive association
C)Zero association
D)There is not enough information to answer this question
Answer: C
Q2) What type of claim is the author of the article making? Name two reasons you think the author is making this type of claim.
Answer: Students should state that the author is making an association claim.One reason is because the author says the two variables are related (i.e. ,his language indicates association,not cause).Another reason is because the author only measured variables rather than manipulating any variables.
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Chapter 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why the Belmont principle of respect for persons requires participants to provide informed consent.
Q2) In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report,which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?
A)The principle of consent and honesty
B)The principle of reliability and validity
C)The principle of honor and accountability/commitment
D)The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility
Q3) In which of the following ways is an IACUC different from an IRB?
A)IACUCs are optional at universities conducting animal research;IRBs are mandatory at universities conducting human research.
B)Seeking permission from an IACUC is recommended but not required for animal research;IRB approval is required for human research.
C)IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study;IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.
D)IRBs must follow federal guidelines,but IACUCs do not have federal guidelines to follow.
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Chapter 5: Identifying Good Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following NOT is possible?
A)A measure is neither reliable nor valid.
B)A measure is both valid and reliable.
C)A measure is reliable but not valid.
D)A measure is valid but not reliable
Q2) An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties.He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties,which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties.Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity?
A)r = 1.0
B)r = -1.0
C)r = 0.83
D)r = -0.18
Q3) Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to:
A)Ensure validity
B)Cancel out measurement error
C)Make sure participants are not lying
D)Allow participants to skip questions
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Surveys and Observations: Describing What
People Do
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Sample Questions
Q1) Another word for observer effects is:
A)Observer bias
B)Expectancy effects
C)Interrater reliability
D)Unobtrusive observation
Q2) Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following?
A)Observer bias
B)Observer effects
C)Reactivity
D)Nay-saying
Q3) Imagine that Dr.Ewell wants to videotape the children in the park.Which of the following is true?
A)He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so.
B)If he uses hidden cameras,he does not need to tell the participants they have been videotaped.
C)He will be unable to use videotape because he is studying children.
D)He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees.
Q4) What is an advantage of open-ended questions? What is a disadvantage?
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Chapter 7: Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of
Behaviors and Beliefs
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Q1) Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim?
A)You should automatically disregard the claim.
B)You should automatically accept the claim.
C)You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.
D)You should ask whether more participants are necessary.
Q2) Explain why bigger samples are not always better samples.
Q3) Imagine that Dr.Parrett wants to use a nonrepresentative sampling technique.Name the three types of nonprobability sampling and explain how each one could be used by Dr.Parrett.
Q4) What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research?
A)Simple random sampling
B)Purposive sampling
C)Cluster sampling
D)Convenience sampling
Q5) How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar?
A)Both identify subgroups that need to studied.
B)Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied.
C)Both result in nonrepresentative samples.
D)Both result in representative samples.
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Chapter 8: Bivariate Correlational Research
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Q1) Examining Dr.Moynihan's study and using the three criteria of causation,why can she not say that the number of panic attacks in the past month causes one to have fewer nightmares in the same month?
Q2) Comparing all three correlations,Dr.Oswald will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because:
A)The relationship is negative
B)The relationship has the largest effect size
C)The relationship was reported first
D)The relationship was statistically significant
Q3) In which of the following cases might a small effect still be important?
A)When the sample is very large
B)When the study has life-or-death implications
C)When the finding is also statistically significant
D)When external validity is high
Q4) Why is the size of a sample not as important to external validity as the way a sample was collected?
Q5) Draw a scatterplot for the three associations found by Dr.Moynihan.
Q6) What does it mean that an association is "spurious"? What can cause spurious associations?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Multivariate Correlational Research
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Q1) How do multiple regression designs help rule out third variables?
Q2) There are three types of correlations discussed in longitudinal designs.From Dr.O'Toole's study,provide an example of each of the following: a cross-sectional correlation,an autocorrelation,and a cross-lag correlation.Make sure you use the variable names and not just the correlation numbers (e.g. ,the correlation between 2008 vacation days and 2008 child happiness).
Q3) All of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT:
A)Betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlations coefficients do.
B)Both betas and correlation coefficients can tell you something about the strength of a relationship.
C)Both betas and correlation coefficients can tell you something about the direction of a relationship.
D)Betas from an analysis can be compared with other beta coefficients from the same analysis just as correlation coefficients can.
Q4) Explain whether or not Dr.Nguyen could conduct an experiment instead of a multiple regression design.Regardless,why would an experiment be better than his current study?
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Chapter 10: Introduction to Simple Experiments
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Q1) Order effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques?
A)Random assignment
B)Design confounds
C)Increasing demand characteristics
D)Counterbalancing
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a reason that a researcher might choose a pretest/posttest design?
A)To ensure that random assignment made the treatment/comparison groups equal
B)To determine how groups change over the course of the experiment
C)To allow for the study of spontaneous behaviors
D)To make a strong causal claim
Q3) Dr.Lonsbary's decision to randomly assign participants to the three groups was done to avoid which of the following?
A)An order effect
B)A selection effect
C)A practice effect
D)A carryover effect
Q4) What is the difference between a posttest-only design and a pretest/posttest design? Provide both a benefit and a disadvantage of using a pretest/posttest design.
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Chapter 11: More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables
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Q1) Dr.Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program.She is concerned about testing threats in her study.Which of the following would you NOT recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat?
A)Collecting pretest data twice
B)Conducting a posttest-only study
C)Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest
D)Using a comparison group
Q2) Armand's professor proposes that he replicate the study and double the number of participants he recruits.State which cause(s)of within-group variability will be helped by adding more participants and why this will help.
Q3) Explain how within-group variance can obscure between-group differences.
Q4) Which of the following things CANNOT be done to reduce measurement error?
A)Using more precise measurements
B)Using more reliable measurements
C)Using a pretest/posttest design
D)Collecting measurements from more people
Q5) Explain what a manipulation check is and how it can be used to address issues of weak manipulations and insensitive measures.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent
Variable
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Q1) Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction can be described as "a difference in differences."
Q2) What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?
A)To increase internal validity and to establish external validity
B)To compare participant variables and to establish covariance
C)To find moderators and to find mediators
D)To test limits and to test theories
Q3) Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?
A)It can be determined by investigating marginal means.
B)It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.
C)It is almost always more important than a study's main effects.
D)There are multiple types of interactions (e.g. ,crossover interaction).
Q4) A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?
A)A crossover interaction
B)Multiple main effects
C)A three-way interaction
D)A within-groups factorial design
Page 14
Q5) Explain why researchers care about interactions more than main effects.
Q6) Provide two reasons a researcher would want to conduct a factorial study.
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Quasi-Experiments and Small-N Designs
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Q1) The fact that the researcher does not have experimental control over the independent variable and does not randomly assign participants to conditions results in a quasi-experimental design with results in which of the following?
A)The researcher being unable to rule out any threats to internal validity
B)A study that is no different than a correlational design
C)A weaker causal claim than a true experiment
D)An unethical study
Q2) Which of the following aspects of Dr.Anderson's study might be susceptible to observer bias?
A)The use of the food journal to track calories consumed
B)The conversion by Dr.Anderson of the food journal entries into calories consumed
C)The use of only one manipulation (e.g. ,the food journal)
D)The use of only one dependent variable
Q3) Which of the following can NOT typically be applied to a small-N experiment?
A)Experimental control
B)Manipulation of variables
C)Inferential statistics
D)Replication
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Chapter 14: Replicability, generalization, and the Real World
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Q1) Who determines the population to which a study's findings generalize?
A)The participants
B)Journalists
C)The IRB
D)The researcher
Q2) Explain why replication is important to science.Name a method that scientists use to determine whether a study is replicable.
Q3) A colleague of Dr.Tropez questions how generalizable his study is to other participants by highlighting that he only studied 113 people.Dr.Tropez responds that generalizability comes not from the "how many" of the sample but the "how" of the sample.What does Dr.Tropez mean,and how generalizable is his study?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true of theory-testing mode?
A)It is related to the theory-data cycle.
B)The priority is external validity.
C)The focus can be on testing association claims.
D)Most psychological studies are of the theory-testing type.
Q5) What are the two aspects of external validity? Pose a question for each aspect of external validity as it relates to Dr.Tropez's study.
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