Introduction to Psychology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides students with a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores major psychological concepts, theories, and research findings in areas such as biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social psychology. Students will gain an understanding of how psychological principles apply to everyday life and will develop skills in critical thinking, research analysis, and self-awareness. Through lectures, discussions, and experiential activities, the course aims to foster an appreciation of the complexities of human thought and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals 4th Edition by Patricia C. Broderick
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15 Chapters
532 Verified Questions
532 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Organizing Themes in Developme
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37 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called
A)incremental models.
B)stage models.
C)multidimensional models.
D)information-processing models.
Answer: A
Q2) A kitten whose eyes are covered during the first months of its life loses the ability to see clearly in ways that would have been possible without the loss of early visual stimulation.This effect remains despite later attempts to remediate the loss.This is an example of which of the following?
A)Behavior genetics.
B)Critical period.
C)Plasticity.
D)Visual demand.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Epigenesis and the Brain: the Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sally,age 28,recently married John,age 45.They would like to have a child,but they are concerned that they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality,like Down's syndrome,because of John's age.What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them?
A)They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age,but not for Down's syndrome.
B)They are at higher than average risk for chromosomal disorders of all sorts because of John's age.
C)There is no relationship between parents' age and chromosomal disorders in their offspring.
D)The risk of any chromosomal disorder in a child is only related to the mother's age,not to the father's age.
Answer: A
Q2) The process of myelination is not completed until A)well into adulthood. B)middle childhood.
C)the end of infancy.
D)around age 5 or 6.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Cognitive Development in the Early
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Q1) Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Which explanation of his behavior is most likely to be accurate?
A)He is showing separation distress because his recognition memory is improving during this period.
B)He is showing separation distress because his recall memory is improving during this period.
C)He is showing lack of habituation to his caregiver which suggests the need to seek out a new babysitter.
D)He is showing increased willfulness suggesting the need for greater discipline from his parents.
Answer: A
Q2) Reflective clinicians often absorb the tenets and techniques associated with major A)constructivism. B)behaviorism.
C)humanism.
D)existentialism.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) If attachment quality can change over time as caretaking quality changes,explain the significance of infant's attachments to their caregivers.,
Q2) Counselors who work with young children to enhance their mental health should take an active role in
A)providing support and information for parents.
B)creating therapeutic experiences for the child that teach self-monitoring.
C)providing the child with group exposure to other children of the same age.
D)becoming an attachment figure for the young child.
Chapter 4 Essay Questions
See answer key for potential essay answers)
Q3) Explain the cultural contributions to the development of attachments.What role does culture play in this process? ,
Q4) Beginning in the first hours after birth,caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention,such as
A)smiling,affectionate touching,and high-pitched vocalizations.
B)keeping a still face to sooth the baby.
C)responding promptly to the baby's cries.
D)Playing peek-a-boo with the baby.
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Chapter 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) Negative reinforcement is best described as
A)a punishment that serves to reduce a problematic behavior.
B)when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed,strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness.
C)a negative consequence that follows a behavior.
D)a consequence that reinforces negative behavior.
Q2) Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,take her to bed.Which of the following best illustrates the negative reinforcement cycle that is operating in this example?
A)Leila is more likely to continue the conflict when Surya raises her voice.
B)Leila is allowed to watch TV longer if she keeps arguing with her mother.
C)Surya is more likely to gain compliance when she threatens Leila.
D)Leila is more likely to do her homework if she understands the material.
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Chapter 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true about strategies children use to help them solve math problems?
A)Children always abandon less efficient strategies when they discover more efficient strategies.
B)Only children who have formal schooling learn to use strategies.
C)Flawed strategies,or "bugs," are typical only of children without formal schooling.
D)Children will occasionally use less efficient strategies even after they have discovered more efficient strategies.
Q2) Piaget's description of the differences between preoperational thought characteristic of preschool aged children)and concrete operational thought characteristic of elementary school aged children),includes which of the following?
A)Preoperational thought is reversible,but concrete operational thought is not.
B)Preoperational thought is fast,but concrete operational thought is slow.
C)Preoperational thought occurs in the frontal lobes,but concrete operational thought occurs in the corpus callosum.
D)Preoperational thought is centered,but concrete operational thought is decentered.
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Chapter 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood
Through Early Adolescence
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35 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5<sup>th</sup> grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-concept is most accurate?
A)Tim's self-concept is low because thinks poorly of himself in math.
B)Tim's self-concept is high because he thinks he is good in athletics.
C)Tim's self-concept reflects some understanding of his strengths and weaknesses.
D)Tim's self-concept is undifferentiated because of his age.
Q2) Caring for others is an example of a ____________,while using a proper form of address,such as Mister or Miss,is an example of a ____________.
A)conventional rule / personal rule.
B)moral rule / conventional rule.
C)moral rule / personal rule.
D)conventional rule / moral rule.
Q3) Develop a case study that reflects the development of an aggressive disorder.,
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Chapter 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle
Childhood Through Early Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research indicates that sex role development usually proceeds normally in single parent families as well as in the more traditional dual parent families.These findings are not consistent with predictions from what type of theory about how sex differences develop?
A)Cognitive theories.
B)Psychoanalytic Freudian)theories.
C)Social learning theories.
D)Biological theories .
Q2) Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood
A)is likely to include non-confrontational relational aggressive behaviors.
B)has not been linked to later anxiety and depression.
C)is unlikely to have long-term negative consequences.
D)are a result of particular challenges faced by girls.
Q3) Counselors working with school-age children and adolescents need to recognize that gender identity continues to develop in these years.Among the important findings from recent research is that girls tend to feel
A)more content with their gender than boys.
B)more pressure to conform to gender stereotypes than boys.
C)less content with their gender than boys.
Page 10
D)the same degree of pressure to conform to gender stereotypes as boys.
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Chapter 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of American teenagers' knowledge of HIV/AIDS?
A)The majority are well-informed and understand the risks of unprotected sex.
B)Only a minority are well-informed and understand the risks of unprotected sex.
C)Most believe that oral and anal sex are risk factors,but may not understand that vaginal intercourse is also a risk.
D)The majority have a realistic view of the risks they take.
Q2) Which of these statements reflect findings from research on gender differences in identity formation?
A)Males focus on establishing intimacy before they focus on the construction of identity.
B)Females focus on establishing intimacy before they focus on the construction of identity.
C)Both males and females focus on constructing an identity before focusing on the establishment of intimacy.
D)Both males and females focus on the construction of an identity and the establishment of intimacy simultaneously.
Q3) Give three examples of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.,
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Chapter 10: The Social World of Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) In America,Black and White middle-class communities are similar in many respects but tend to differ in other respects.Which of the following characterizes the differences most accurately?
A)Black middle-class neighborhoods have fewer community organizations and activities for youngsters.
B)White middle-class neighborhoods have fewer community organizations and activities for youngsters.
C)Black middle-class neighborhoods are more likely to be adjacent to low income and dangerous neighborhoods.
D)White middle-class neighborhoods are more likely to be adjacent to low income and dangerous neighborhoods.
Q2) Research indicates that children's feelings of autonomy from peers are likely to be at their lowest point for which of the following age groups?
A)5<sup>th</sup> grade
B)6<sup>th</sup> grade
C)8<sup>th</sup> grade
D)Autonomy from peers does not change from 5<sup>th</sup> through 8<sup>th</sup> grades.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young
Adults
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Sample Questions
Q1) Problem drinking and drug use is part of the lifestyle of many young adults.In a longitudinal study of 33,000 people,what was the typical course of these behaviors?
A)They begin to decline when adults reach their mid-thirties.
B)They begin to decline when adults reach their mid-twenties.
C)They tend to stay about the same throughout middle adulthood.
D)They have no serious effects on behavioral or cognitive functioning.
Q2) Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called A)youth.
B)emerging adulthood.
C)early adulthood.
D)young adulthood.
Q3) One traditional role of counselors is to help people make decisions.Young adult clients who are still dualistic thinkers may have which of the following problems in this process?
A)They may believe there are too many solutions to consider.
B)They may believe that problems have no solution.
C)They may become anxious if there seems to be uncertainty about the best solution.
D)They may come to a foreclosed decision before exploring options.
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Developments in Young Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Current research indicates that in the last 50 years,gender differences in career development have
A)disappeared entirely.
B)intensified,with women today more often choosing to be full time homemakers.
C)changed in some ways,but remained the same in others,particularly in that women still give greater priority to their role as caregiver,and men still give greater priority to their role as breadwinner.
D)changed in some ways,particularly in that men now typically share equally in housework and child care when both a husband and wife have careers.
Q2) Which of the following is the most important factor in helping young adults avoid a slide into poverty?
A)Education.
B)Religion.
C)Family size.
D)Avoiding delinquency.
Q3) Explain Erikson's concept of generativity.Which aspects of generativity seem to emerge in early adulthood and which aspects emerge in middle adulthood? What evidence is there for this developmental change? Page 438)
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Chapter 13: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, personality, and Social Development
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36 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chen and Anne come to counseling because they are on the brink of a divorce.After five years of marriage,Anne sees Chen as a highly controlling individual who micromanages their bank account.She's tired of her husband always nagging about money,and says she doesn't feel like she's getting anything positive out of her relationship.Chen considers Anne's spending extravagant.He blames her family background for creating her lack of responsibility.From Anne's perspective,what theory about marriage would explain the relationship failure?
A)Intrapersonal theory.
B)Steady state theory.
C)Social exchange theory.
D)Homeostatic theory.
Q2) Gottman described several core strategies that clinicians can teach couples in marital therapy to foster relational well-being.Describe four of these strategies.Discuss in detail how you would approach teaching one of these strategies to a client couple.Page 518)
Q3) Women and men play multiple roles in their lives.What are some examples of these roles? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of taking on the responsibilities of multiple roles,and provide clear examples of these advantages and disadvantages.Include a discussion of role buffering.,
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Living Well: Stress, coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Daniel is very extraverted.He admits that he is not comfortable unless surrounded by other people,and he energetically pursues activities that require the company of others.His cousin Bill,about the same age,is very introverted.Bill is self-reflective and prefers more solitary pursuits.Regardless of their personality characteristics,which of the following is likely to contribute most to their long-term happiness?
A)They are good friends who are willing to help each other in difficult times.
B)They bought a lottery ticket together and were lucky enough to win a huge jackpot.
C)They both have jobs that require very little effort.
D)They both have very few responsibilities and are careful to avoid committing themselves to any community service.
Q2) "Spiritual transcendence" may be
A)characteristic only of women.
B)characteristic only of Eastern faith traditions.
C)the dark side of religion.
D)a sixth personality trait.
Q3) Construct a short essay on the nature of stress and its effects on the body-mind.What constructive ways of handling these effects of stress have been found to be most effective? ,
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Chapter 15: Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
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Q1) In late adulthood,many of the physical losses of middle adulthood
A)osteoarthritis.
B)diabetes.
C)multi-infarct dementia.
D)Alzheimer's disease.
E)g.,sensory decline)continue.For people over 65 there is also a new physical problem that about half of the population must contend with,called
Q2) How is the gender of an elderly person linked to whether or not others have negative,stereotyped expectations of that person?
A)Gender of the elderly person has no effect.
B)Elderly men are more likely to be seen in a negative way.
C)Elderly women are more likely to be seen in a negative way.
D)Elderly women are more likely to be seen in a positive way.
Q3) Explain the process of dealing with loss referred to as "selective optimization with compensation." Provide a clear example of this process at work and specify which aspects of your example illustrate selection,optimization,and compensation.Give examples of questionnaire items that have been used to assess these processes.Page 570)
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