Introduction to Psychology Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores fundamental concepts such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will examine key theoretical perspectives and research methods used in psychology, gaining insight into how biological, social, and environmental factors shape human thoughts, feelings, and actions. Emphasis is placed on applying psychological principles to everyday life and understanding the diverse nature of human experience.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior Active Learning Edition 6th Edition by Michael P. Domjan
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12 Chapters
828 Verified Questions
828 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) John Swammerdam's contribution to the study of reflexes was to show that A) muscle contractions were not produced by an infusion of gas.
B) mechanical irritation of a nerve produced a muscle contraction.
C) nerves are hollow tubes.
D) separate nerves are involved in sensory and motor transmission.
Answer: B
Q2) Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) The British empiricists believed that complex ideas are A) sense experiences.
B) present at birth.
C) the product of simple sensations combined by association.
D) simple reflex responses.
Answer: C
Q4) Describe the contributions to the study of learning made by three of the following individuals: René Descartes,John Locke,Thomas Hobbes,Thomas Brown,Aristotle,Hermann Ebbinghaus,I.M.Sechenov,Ivan Pavlov,Charles Darwin.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The respiratory occlusion response in babies begins with which of the following?
A) a swiping motion across the face; then the infant pulls away, then cries
B) crying; then the infant pulls away, then swipes the face
C) pulling the head back; then the infant swipes the face, then cries
D) pulling the head back; then the infant cries, then swipes the face
Answer: C
Q2) Successful nursing requires practice because the baby normally does which of the following actions?
A) habituates to the nipple
B) becomes sensitized to the nipple
C) may have a respiratory occlusion response
D) has numerous taxis behaviors
Answer: C
Q3) Which two closely related events constitute a reflex?
A) eliciting outcome; corresponding reward
B) eliciting stimulus; corresponding response
C) eliciting response; corresponding outcome
D) eliciting response; corresponding reward
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning: Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pavlov supplemented the funds for his laboratory by which of the following?
A) training dogs for the upper class
B) selling stomach juice
C) teaching pitch recognition
D) inserting fistulas into obese individuals
Answer: B
Q2) To conclude that an association has been established in a classical conditioning experiment,one must ensure which of the following?
A) that the subject responds every time the CS is presented
B) that the subject responds every time the US is presented
C) that changes in behavior are due to the US presentation
D) that changes in behavior are not due to prior separate presentations of the CS and US
Answer: D
Q3) The suppression ratio equals ________.
A) CS responding / (CS responding + pre-CS responding)
B) CS responding / pre-CS responding
C) pre-CS responding / (CS responding + pre-CS responding)
D) pre-CS responding / CS responding
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning: Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Kamin,the blocking effect occurs because of which choice below?
A) Stimulus B fully predicts the US, and the subject habituates to stimulus A.
B) Stimulus B predicts the US, and the subject is not surprised by the arrival of the US in later trials.
C) Stimulus A predicts the US, and the subject is not surprised by the arrival of the US in later trials.
D) Stimulus A does not predict the US, and the animal is startled by the arrival of the US in later trials.
Q2) What is the blocking effect? Provide two theoretical mechanisms for the blocking effect.
Q3) Short CS-US intervals elicit _____ behavior.Longer CS-US intervals elicit _____ behavior.
A) focal search; consummatory
B) general search; consummatory
C) focal search; general search
D) general search; focal search
Q4) What,if any,limits are there on the kinds of stimuli that can serve as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning?
Q5) How can you distinguish between S-R and S-S learning experimentally?
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning: Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major advantage of free-operant methods over discrete trial procedures is that
A) the animals learn more quickly.
B) free operant methods provide the opportunity to observe changes in the likelihood of behavior over time.
C) free operant methods can reveal an animal's preferences.
D) free-operant methods involve S-S learning, but discrete trial procedures involve S-R learning.
Q2) Compare and contrast free-operant and discrete-trial methods for the study of instrumental behavior.
Q3) A negative contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) omission training.
Q4) What is meant by belongingness in instrumental conditioning? How does belongingness contribute to animal "misbehavior" in learning situations?
Q5) Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) You notice that the pigeon in the laboratory you just entered has a particular way of pecking at the key in its cage.The pigeon seems to increase its rate of pecking towards the end of a two minute period,food is made available,and then pecking slows until the end of the next two minutes.You surmise that the pigeon is on a A) fixed ratio schedule.
B) variable ratio schedule.
C) fixed interval schedule.
D) variable interval schedule.
Q2) Molar maximizing cannot explain why choice behavior is distributed so close to the matching relation on concurrent
A) FR1-FR1 schedules.
B) VI-VI schedules.
C) FR5-FR20 schedules.
D) VR-VR schedules.
Q3) Compare molar and molecular theories of maximization.What evidence supports each class of theory? What is the evidence that does not support each class of theory?
Q4) Describe various theoretical explanations of the matching law.
Q5) Describe how response rate schedules are designed and what their effects are.
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Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning: Motivational Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be _____ the elasticity of demand for gasoline.
A) the same as
B) less than C) greater than
D) This cannot be determined.
Q2) What is the behavioral bliss point? How does an experimenter determine the bliss point? How does the bliss point approach account for reinforcer effects?
Q3) The emotional state "hope" occurs when
A) a CS+ for an appetitive stimulus is presented.
B) a CS- for an appetitive stimulus is presented.
C) a CS+ for an aversive stimulus is presented.
D) a CS- for an aversive stimulus is presented.
Q4) Which of the following theories suggests it is possible for a low probability response to reinforce a high probability response?
A) the Premack principle
B) the differential probability theory
C) drive reduction theory
D) the response deprivation hypothesis
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Spence,discrimination training results in A) only excitatory conditioning.
B) only inhibitory conditioning.
C) either excitatory or inhibitory conditioning.
D) both excitatory and inhibitory conditioning.
Q2) Assume you have a new position as a therapist.What are four things you can do to ensure that the treatment outcomes for your clients will generalize to settings outside your office?
Q3) The peak-shift phenomenon is important because it demonstrates that
A) the greatest level of performance may occur in response to an untrained stimulus.
B) excitatory conditioning may take place in response to the training S+.
C) inhibitory conditioning may take place in response to the training S+.
D) overshadowing effects are also present in discrimination training.
Q4) When the S+ and S- differ only in terms of one stimulus feature,the training procedure is called
A) intradimensional discrimination.
B) interdimensional discrimination.
C) extradimensional discrimination.
D) hypodimensional discrimination.
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Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two major behavioral effects of conducting an extinction procedure? Provide an example from everyday life to illustrate these effects.
Q2) If after extinction trials a subject is exposed to the US,
A) there will be reinstatement of conditioned responding.
B) there will be further decreases of conditioned responding due to negative CS/US contingencies.
C) the initial CS-US relationship will be strengthened.
D) the context will lose excitatory strength.
Q3) Excitatory conditioning is to _____ as extinction is to _____.
A) S-R; S-S
B) S-S; S-R
C) R-O; S-S
D) S-S; S-O
Q4) Recent evidence suggests that
A) the sequential theory better explains PREE.
B) the frustration theory better explains PREE.
C) both sequential and frustration mechanisms can promote responding during extinction.
D) neither frustration theory nor sequential theory explains PREE.
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Chapter 10: Aversive Control: Avoidance and Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the safety-signal hypothesis to the two-process theory of avoidance.
Q2) Criminal Bob just spent 5 months in jail for robbing a store.Criminal Sally spent 1 week in jail for the same crime.The next time they were caught,each was sentenced to 3 months in jail.This second sentence is most likely to suppress the later criminal behavior of
A) Sally more than Bob.
B) Bob more than Sally.
C) both Sally and Bob equally to a high degree.
D) both Sally and Bob equally poorly.
Q3) Which procedure is carried out to determine if an organism can learn to avoid a non-signaled aversive stimulus?
A) free-operant avoidance
B) discriminated avoidance
C) shuttle avoidance
D) two-way avoidance
Q4) Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.
Q5) What is the fundamental problem in the analysis of avoidance behavior,and how is this problem resolved by two-process theory?
Q6) Compare and contrast discriminated and free-operant avoidance procedures.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I: Memory Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) When he first begins shopping,Peter is able to remember what he has in his cart without referring to his list.He is using
A) retrospective memory.
B) prospective memory.
C) introspective memory.
D) rehearsal memory.
Q2) In studies of learning,which stage of an experiment is usually varied?
A) retrieval
B) acquisition
C) retention
D) stimulus coding
Q3) Stimulus coding refers to
A) the literal record of past events in memory.
B) creating a neural representation of an experience.
C) the use of current stimuli to decode or understand previous events.
D) creating a stimulus that can be perceived and used by a given species.
Q4) Describe spatial learning tasks and mechanisms that have been used to explain efficient performance in this situation.
Q5) Compare proactive and retroactive interference.
Q6) Compare retrospective memory to prospective memory.When is each used?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition II: Special Topics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the components of language competence? What evidence of these components is found in nonhuman animals?
Q2) Which theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common,stimulus aspects to which the instrumental response becomes conditioned when the organism is reinforced?
A) similarity theory
B) exemplar theory
C) prototype theory
D) feature theory
Q3) A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus.If the stimulus is a light,a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.If the stimulus is a tone,a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds.This procedure is called
A) a duration estimation task.
B) a peak procedure.
C) an interval training task.
D) a model-rival technique.
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Page 14