Introduction to Psychology Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores key psychological concepts, theories, and research methods, introducing foundational topics such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, personality, development, abnormal behavior, and social interaction. Students will examine classic studies and contemporary applications, gaining insight into how psychological principles influence individuals and society. By the end of the course, students will develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of the complexities of the human mind.
Recommended Textbook Infants Children and Adolescents and MyVirtualChild 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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2126 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major advantage of structured observation is that it
A) is useful for studying behaviors that investigators rarely have an opportunity to see in everyday life.
B) permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.
C) yields richly detailed narratives that offer valuable insight into the many factors that affect development.
D) allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings.
Answer: A
Q2) Jessica believes that development takes place in stages where children change rapidly as they step up to a new level and then change very little for a while. Jessica views development as A) discontinuous.
B) determined by nature.
C) continuous.
D) determined by nurture.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an extremely understimulating environment, both Bella and Alice would have low intelligence. However, in a highly stimulating environment, Alice's performance would greatly exceed Bella's performance. This is an example of A) canalization.
B) niche-picking.
C) reaction range.
D) genetic-environmental correlation.
Answer: C
Q2) Nate, whose parents are involved in his school activities, probably A) resents his parents' involvement in his education.
B) shows better academic achievement than his agemates whose parents are uninvolved.
C) lives in a low-SES household with many siblings.
D) attends a private school in a large city.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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100 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Between the seventh and the ninth days after fertilization, _________ occurs.
A) the period of the embryo
B) the period of the fetus
C) implantation
D) cell duplication
Answer: C
Q2) The age of viability occurs sometime between _______ and _______ weeks.
A) 18; 22
B) 20; 24
C) 22; 26
D) 26; 30
Answer: C
Q3) Rh factor incompatibility
A) affects Rh positive mothers.
B) can result in infant death.
C) cannot be prevented in most cases.
D) usually affects firstborn children.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Birth and the Newborn Baby
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vacuum extractors
A) are not as safe as forceps.
B) are more likely than forceps to tear the mother's tissues.
C) have been used since the sixteenth century to speed up delivery.
D) can cause bleeding beneath the baby's skin and on the outside of the skull.
Q2) Carol lives in Wyoming and works for a small company with 12 employees. Carol hopes to take 12 weeks of maternity leave. What advice can you give Carol?
A) The United States mandates 12 weeks of paid maternity leave for all new mothers.
B) Federal law mandating unpaid maternity leave does not apply to her employer.
C) The United States mandates six weeks of paid maternity leave for all new mothers.
D) The United States mandates 12 weeks of unpaid maternity leave for all new mothers.
Q3) The first stage of labor
A) is the shortest.
B) involves delivery of the baby.
C) climaxes with a brief phase called transition.
D) involves birth of the placenta.
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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alexia was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell her parents about when she should have corrective surgery?
A) Alexia should wait to have corrective surgery until adulthood when her eyes are fully mature.
B) Alexia should not have corrective surgery during the first six months of life because her vision would be severely and permanently impaired.
C) The longer cataract surgery is postponed beyond infancy, the less complete Alexia's recovery in visual skills.
D) Alexia should wait until later in childhood to have corrective surgery because there are no sensitive periods in visual development.
Q2) Research indicates that around 7 to 9 months, infants
A) detect when words are deliberately mispronounced.
B) begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike structures.
C) become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language.
D) detect words that start with weak syllables.
Q3) Describe some common forms of inadequate nutrition in the United States.
Q4) Define and compare the cephalocaudal and prosimodistal trends of growth.
Q5) What is lateralization of the brain, and why does it occur?
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Piaget's ___________ stage is the most complex period of development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
Q2) In the information-processing system, information first enters
A) working memory.
B) the central executive.
C) long-term memory.
D) the sensory register.
Q3) According to Vygotsky, children master activities and think in ways that have meaning in their culture through A) the physical world acting on the child.
B) independent interaction with the physical environment.
C) the biological unfolding of genetic structures.
D) joint activities with more mature members of their society.
Q4) Identify Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development, including the adaptive behaviors associated with each substage.
Q5) Compare the three major theories of language development.
Q6) Explain the core knowledge perspective of cognitive development. Page 8
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Page 9
Chapter 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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114 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit?
A) preattachment
B) "attachment in the making"
C) "clear-cut" attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship
Q2) Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim
A) are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother.
B) display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts.
C) are passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety.
D) show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates.
Q3) Basic emotions
A) are not evident in nonhuman primates.
B) are all present at birth.
C) have no evolutionary history of promoting survival.
D) are universal in humans.
Q4) Describe Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about appetite in early childhood?
A) Preschoolers' appetites increase because their growth is at an all-time high.
B) Parents should be concerned if their preschooler varies the amount eaten from meal to meal.
C) Preschoolers' wariness of new foods is normal and adaptive.
D) Because preschoolers have smaller appetites, they need a different quality of food than adults need.
Q2) The _________ plays a critical role in the rate of physical growth.
A) pituitary gland
B) hippocampus
C) reticular formation
D) corpus callosum
Q3) Five- and 6-year-olds
A) engage in true skipping.
B) throw and catch with a rigid upper body.
C) draw people using a tadpole image.
D) catch a ball against their chest.
Q4) Discuss how motor vehicle use relates to childhood injuries. What are some ways to minimize unintentional injuries during automobile travel?
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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111 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children's creation of _________________ was once viewed as a sign of maladjustment, but current research challenges this assumption.
A) imaginary companions
B) dual representations
C) animalistic symbols
D) pretend themes
Q2) Research on pragmatics shows that by age 2, most children
A) adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of their listeners.
B) take turns in face-to-face interactions.
C) are able to maintain a topic over long periods of time.
D) adapt their language to social expectations.
Q3) Children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity are _________ than their less talkative agemates.
A) more attentive
B) less involved
C) less likely to perform the task well
D) less attentive
Q4) How are a Piagetian and Vygotskian classroom similar? How do they differ?
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12
Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reylynne describes herself by saying, "I'm helpful, but I'm shy." Reylynne is probably
A) under 3 years old.
B) 3 to 5 years old.
C) 4 to 5 years old.
D) not a preschooler.
Q2) Research on friendships shows that
A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends.
B) preschoolers give the same amount of reinforcement to nonfriends as to friends.
C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust.
D) children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.
Q3) According to Freud, children obey the _________ to avoid guilt.
A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) other-sex parent
Q4) Describe authoritative child rearing and explain what makes it effective.
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Obese children
A) are at a risk for social difficulties, but not emotional problems.
B) are likely to have at least one obese parent.
C) usually decide when to eat on the basis of hunger.
D) are less likely than average-weight peers to spend many hours watching television.
Q2) Which of the following is true about childhood injuries?
A) Injury fatalities decrease from middle childhood into adolescence.
B) Injury rates for girls rise considerable above those for boys.
C) Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.
D) Sports-related injuries are the second leading cause of injury in middle childhood.
Q3) Between the ages of 6 and 12, ___ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent teeth.
A) 14
B) 16
C) 20
D) 24
Q4) List and describe common factors associated with childhood obesity.
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14
Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the deficiencies children must overcome to acquire selective, adaptable attentional strategies.
Q2) At a parent-teacher conference, Mr. Hopewell informed Juan's parents that he had been tested and was found to be a highly creative child. The test probably focused on A) convergent thinking.
B) divergent thinking.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) spontaneous generation.
Q3) Because school-age children have difficulty putting what they know about thinking into action, they are not yet good at A) cognitive self-regulation.
B) metacognition.
C) problem solving.
D) conservation.
Q4) ___________ is/are a good predictor of IQ.
A) Well-developed gross-motor skills
B) Inhibition skill
C) Slow, steady nervous system function
D) REM brain-wave patterns during sleep
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Chapter 13: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following children is the most likely to have a sense of industry?
A) Rona, who has an overly high self-concept
B) Jackson, who gets along with older children, but does not cooperate with agemates
C) Boulous, who has a positive but realistic self-concept
D) Shanna, who has little confidence in her abilities
Q2) During the school years, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs
A) increase in obvious areas of activities and occupations.
B) increase in less obvious areas of personality traits and achievement.
C) decrease in both obvious and less obvious areas.
D) decrease in less obvious areas of achievement and personality traits.
Q3) Nine-year-old Simpson is emotionally understanding and empathetic. He probably A) also has favorable social relationships and prosocial behavior.
B) is picked on by other children because he is "too sensitive."
C) retreats from social situations for fear of being overwhelmed by the emotions of others.
D) cannot yet engage in perspective taking.
Q4) How does children's self-esteem change from early to middle childhood?
Q5) Describe personal and situational factors that affect the extent to which children hold racial and ethnic biases.
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Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Girls who develop anorexia nervosa typically have
A) at least one overweight parent.
B) a long history of yo-yo dieting.
C) poor academic performance at school.
D) unrealistically high standards for their own performance.
Q2) Jose is a homosexual man. Which of the following is most likely to be true?
A) He has a higher-than-average number of older brothers.
B) He has a higher-than-average number of younger sisters.
C) He is an only child.
D) He is a first-born child.
Q3) Which of the following teens is more likely to have early sex or frequent teenage sexual activity?
A) Uli, who feels a strong sense of personal control over life events
B) Howie, whose family is actively involved in their church
C) Darwin, who was a late maturer
D) Ryan, whose parents do not monitor his activities
Q4) What are some characteristics of sexually active adolescents? Which children are more likely than others to engage in early and frequent teenage sexual activity?
Q5) Describe the secular trend in pubertal timing in industrialized nations.
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Meredith likes well-structured tasks, values material possessions, and is concerned about her social status. Meredith demonstrates personality traits associated with a(n) ________ person.
A) enterprising
B) realistic
C) conventional
D) antisocial
Q2) While out shopping, Mrs. Salveson becomes upset with her teenage daughter's sarcastic responses to her questions. Understanding the concept of the imaginary audience, how would you advise Mrs. Salveson to react to her daughter's behavior?
A) Address the problem immediately when it happens to avoid the likelihood of it recurring.
B) Wait until she can speak to her daughter alone, and address the problem then.
C) Ignore the behavior and hope that it will disappear as she matures.
D) Have another respected adult, like a teacher or counselor, deal with the behavior.
Q3) Explain why teenagers have difficulty with decision making.
Q4) Twelve-year-old Tamika is a formal operational thinker. What are the major characteristics of her thought processes?
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following resources are shown to faciliate resilience in adolescents?
A) working a full-time job
B) early dating
C) affiliation with a religious organization
D) other-sex friendships
Q2) Fifteen-year-old Tyson feels poorly about his academic abilities and family relationships. Tyson is
A) probably an early maturer.
B) at risk for adjustment difficulties.
C) probably experimenting with different identities.
D) a typical teenager.
Q3) The lowest levels of warm, open communication at home are reported by adolescents who are
A) foreclosed.
B) identity diffused.
C) in a state of moratorium.
D) identity achieved.
Q4) Describe the four identity statuses described by James Marcia, and cite factors that promote identity development.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Emerging Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eventually, the most mature individuals progress to
A) dualistic thinking.
B) commitment within relativistic thinking.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) intuitive rationality.
Q2) Which of the following is true about emerging adulthood?
A) It is primarily found in low-SES ethnic minority groups.
B) Emerging adults are actually adolescents who take on adult responsibilities.
C) Most parents of emerging adults view their children as not yet fully adult.
D) Adult milestones are highly consistent in time and order across individuals.
Q3) According to your text, advances in identity occur in which three domains?
A) love, work, and worldview
B) career, financial security, and love
C) job security, financial security, and marital status
D) religiosity, spirituality, and work
Q4) Identity achievement in the vocational realm
A) is more challenging for women than for men.
B) usually occurs by age 21.
C) is easier for women in male-dominated careers.
D) is more challenging for men than for women.
Page 20
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