Introduction to Psychology Exam
Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles, theories, and research methods that underpin the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Students will explore topics such as perception, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social dynamics. Emphasis is placed on understanding how psychological principles apply to everyday life and contribute to personal and societal well-being. By the end of the course, students will have developed critical thinking skills and a foundational knowledge of psychology that can be applied to further studies or diverse career paths.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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26 Chapters
260 Verified Questions
260 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A case study examines in detail ________.
A)a single participant
B)multiple instances of a situation
C)a set of questions put to participants
D)the relationship between two variables
Answer: A
Q2) The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
A)intervention
B)introspection
C)insight inventory
D)induction
Answer: B
Q3) Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?
A)the science of behavior
B)the science of mental processes
C)the science of behavior and mental processes
D)the science of human behavior and mental processes
Answer: C
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Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychology is defined as the science of ________.
A)human functioning.
B)the mind and behavior.
C)human motivation and thinking.
D)behavior problems and mental illness.
Answer: B
Q2) The goal of describing rules that determine how particular sensations or feelings may occur at the same time or in sequence is most associated with which of the following schools of psychology?
A)Behaviorism
B)Cognitivism
C)Functionalism
D)Structuralism
Answer: D
Q3) An experiment is valid if
A)it produces reliable findings.
B)if its findings are consistent across experiments.
C)if it measures what the investigator designed it to measure.
D)if its measures are both reliable and consistent across experiments.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the
Brain in Action
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Q1) ____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.
A)Excitatory; inhibitory
B)Inhibitory; excitatory
C)Augmentation; depletion
D)Depletion; augmentation
Answer: A
Q2) The thalamus could be thought of as being analogous to a(n)________.
A)airline hub
B)speedway
C)police station
D)bus stop
Answer: A
Q3) Endocrine glands ___________.
A)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
B)are chemicals released into the bloodstream
C)are an extensive network of specialized cells
D)are a thin layer of cells coating the axons
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Section 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the
Brain in Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person were to damage the speech center in the brain, the ideal age for this to happen would be
A)2)
B)14.
C)33.
D)61.
Q2) After a head injury a person reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured.A doctor would suspect an injury in the ______ lobe.
A)occipital
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)frontal
Q3) A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a _________.
A)glial cell
B)neuron
C)cell body
D)myelin sheath
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Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the
World Enters the Mind
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Q1) Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.
A)stimulation; recognition
B)awareness; interpretation
C)interpretation; awareness
D)organization; interpretation
Q2) Bottom-up processing is initiated by ________.
A)knowledge
B)expectation
C)the stimulus
D)belief
Q3) All of the following are associated with attractiveness for faces except ________.
A)smooth skin
B)symmetry
C)female hormones
D)male hormones
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Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the
World Enters the Mind
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Q1) The pupil is the ______.
A)opening in the center of the iris
B)white of the eye
C)colored part of the eye
D)lining in the back of the eyeball
Q2) Endorphins are the neural transmitters that _____________.
A)control your muscles
B)generate pain sensations
C)act as a natural version of morphine
D)excite the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Q3) ______ is the mental process of making sense of sensory information.
A)Abstraction
B)Sensation
C)Perception
D)Consciousness
Q4) Sound waves are simply ___________.
A)the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us
B)the impact of acoustrons in the air
C)a form of electronic radiation
D)none of these
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Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20.What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
A)a variable-ratio schedule
B)a fixed-ratio schedule
C)a fixed-interval schedule
D)a continuous schedule
Q2) With observational learning, information gleaned primarily comes from ________.
A)reinforcement
B)watching others
C)neutral stimuli
D)self-motivation
Q3) In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response.These behaviors are called _____________.
A)primary reinforcers
B)successive approximations
C)secondary reinforcers
D)unconditioned stimuli
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Bandura's Bobo doll study, children who observed an adult ignore the Bobo doll
A)showed as much aggression to the doll as those who never saw an adult in the playroom
B)showed more aggression to the doll than those who never saw an adult in the playroom
C)showed less aggression to the doll than those who never saw an adult in the playroom
D)were, surprisingly, the most aggressive group of children in the study
Q2) After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.
A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization
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Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit
Q2) Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against ______.
A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory
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Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________.
A)more rapidly as time goes by
B)gradually at first, then with increasing speed
C)quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
D)most quickly one day after learning
Q2) Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________.
A)episodic memory
B)procedural memories
C)declarative memories
D)factual memory
Q3) People tend to forget negative affect associated with autobiographical memories more quickly than they forget positive affect.What enhances this effect?
A)Keeping the memory private
B)Left frontal lobe activity
C)The age of the person
D)Frequently discussing the memories with a variety of people
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Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.
A)pragmatics
B)propositional representation
C)syntax
D)nativism
Q2) John B.Carroll argued that ________.
A)the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
B)test scores can be categorized
C)intelligence is two-factored
D)intelligence is a single factor
Q3) Suppose Maria's mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10.What is her IQ?
A)320
B)80
C)200
D)100
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Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Sample Questions
Q1) In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.
A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts
Q2) One advantage of learning the grammar of a foreign language early in life is that it becomes ________.
A)a flashbulb memory
B)a working memory
C)automatic
D)declarative knowledge
Q3) Solving a problem critically depends on ________.
A)one's general intelligence
B)manipulation of mental images
C)how you represent it
D)the use of language
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Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some obese people have been able to lose large amounts of weight and keep it off.Which is the best explanation of how they did it?
A)low carbohydrate dieting
B)low fat dieting
C)gastric bypass surgery
D)healthy eating and exercise
Q2) Which statement about motivation is true?
A)Motivation energizes and directs behavior.
B)We are always aware of motivational processes.
C)There is only one type of motivation.
D)Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.
Q3) Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S.Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?
A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?
A)Men do not express emotion via the face.
B)Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C)Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D)When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Emotions are generally unaffected by culture.
B)Positive and negative emotions are opposite sides of the same coin.
C)An emotion can have different types and different facial expressions.
D)Display rules are genetically received.
Q3) The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of ________.
A)LeDoux's theory
B)cognitive theory
C)James-Lange theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory
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Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the discussion of Gordon Allport's central traits your text points out that whether or not traits are viewed a causing behavior, they aren't always accurate in predicting behavior because ________.
A)the inconsistency with which we live our lives makes any prediction impossible
B)various forms of psychopathology interfere with accurate personality assessment
C)the situations in which we find ourselves exert power over our behavior, thoughts and feelings
D)of invalid personality tests and what they suggest
Q2) Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office.Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took.Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.
A)id
B)unconscious mind
C)ego
D)superego
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Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see.What type of test would psychologists call this?
A)dynamic
B)projective
C)objective
D)predictive
Q2) According to Rogers, which of the following people is most likely to have a healthy personality?
A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extraverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
Q3) Which of Freud's personality structures can be thought of as housing the human conscience?
A)id
B)superego
C)consciousness
D)subconsciousness
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Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) Shelley and Julie are mothers who each have a three-month-old infant.Shelley tells Julie, "My son is so fussy," to which Julie replies, "That's funny-my son is so easy." It appears that Shelley and Julie are discussing their newborns' ________.
A)personalities.
B)moods.
C)reflexes.
D)temperaments.
Q2) According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called
A)Syntax synthesizer (SS)
B)Grammar grabber (GG)
C)Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
D)Language Learning System (LLS)
Q3) Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______.
A)cognitive development
B)perceptual development
C)language development
D)physical development
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Chapter 9: Section 2: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing
Older, Growing Wiser
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act independently.
A)integrity vs.despair
B)autonomy vs.doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)basic trust vs.mistrust
Q2) What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?
A)the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B)aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C)parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D)the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
Q3) A teratogen is typically thought of as ________ that can cause damage to the
A)a chemical; fetus only
B)any chemical or radiation; embryo or fetus only
C)virus; fetus only
D)any chemical, virus, or radiation; zygote, embryo, or fetus
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Chapter 10: Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping: Dealing With Life
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Q1) Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died.She decides to bring them dinner.This is an example of ________ social support.
A)enacted
B)indirect
C)direct
D)perceived
Q2) Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her.As such, this example illustrates ________.
A)a stress reaction
B)coping
C)primary appraisal
D)secondary appraisal
Q3) A person will often take a barbiturate as a ________.
A)sleep aid
B)vitamin supplement
C)means of increasing behavioral arousal
D)treatment for alcoholism
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Chapter
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Q1) People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it.
A)occupation
B)camaraderie
C)income
D)social support system
Q2) To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should restrict your sleeping hours, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should use your bed only for sleep or sex.What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?
A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder
Q3) _________ is the term used to describe physical and psychological responses to events that are threatening or challenging.
A)Stress
B)Burnout
C)Dysphoria
D)Distress
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called___________.
A)a psychological disorder
B)humors
C)stress syndrome
D)adaptive behavior
Q2) Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion?
A)hallucinations
B)delusions
C)inappropriate affect
D)flat affect
Q3) As Carol and Ken are leaving for a trip, Carol repeatedly asks Ken, "Did we turn off the coffee pot?" For their entire trip, Carol worries about the coffee pot.Carol's doubt about turning off the coffee pot is a(n)________.
A)obsession
B)compulsion
C)both an obsession and a compulsion
D)neither an obsession nor a compulsion
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Chapter 11: Section 2: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Which of the following is a criticism of the most recent version of the DSM?
A)There are far too few disorders included in the manual.
B)Categories define medical problems as psychological disorders.
C)The manual fails to provide too loose of a boundary between normal and abnormal behavior.
D)The manual takes into consideration cultural factors
Q2) Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR consists of_____________.
A)global assessment of functioning
B)clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
C)psychosocial and environmental problems
D)personality disorders and mental retardation
Q3) Paranoid schizophrenia is to disorganized schizophrenia as
A)passive is to aggressive.
B)aggressive is to passive.
C)best prognosis is to worst prognosis.
D)worst prognosis is to best prognosis.
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Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most psychological professionals today take a(n)______ view of psychotherapy.
A)group treatment
B)humanistic
C)eclectic
D)behavioral
Q2) An advantage to group therapy is that groups ______.
A)are a source of social support
B)allow countertransference to occur
C)bestow unconditional approval on group members
D)allow an extremely shy person to feel more comfortable speaking up
Q3) Which of the following is a basic goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
A)to help clients uncover unconscious conflicts and sexual urges
B)to help clients develop a closer match between real and ideal selves
C)to help clients change irrational thoughts to rational thoughts
D)to help clients complete unfinished business and become whole
Q4) What are two of the major classes of antidepressant drugs?
A)benzodiazepines and lithium
B)MAO inhibitors and tricyclics
C)benzodiazepines and tricyclics
D)benzodiazepines and MAOIs
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Carl Rogers, the __________is how people see their actual traits and abilities.
A)ideal self
B)real self
C)ego
D)id
Q2) Some drugs that combat depression work by____________.
A)increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain
B)blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
C)inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons
D)increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain
Q3) You let your fingers do the walking through the Yellow Pages looking for a psychotherapist.Your attention is drawn to an advertisement for a group practice described as eclectic.When you call the receptionist to ask for a description of the practice, what will you be told?
A)"Our group focuses on clients' early life experiences."
B)"Our staff uses a combination of methods to fit the client's needs."
C)"All the professionals in this group have training in psychoanalysis."
D)"The staff is trained in the biological perspective."
Page 26
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Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes.
A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)informational
Q2) Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______.
A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance
Q3) Car salespersons are notorious for using the ________ technique, which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made.
A)foot-in-the-door
B)foot-in-the-mouth
C)door-in-the-face
D)lowball
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance?
A)You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes.
B)You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode.
C)You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health.
D)You are polite and civil to people you dislike.
Q2) In Milgram's initial study of obedience, ________ percent of subjects delivered the highest level shock.
A)2
B)30
C)49
D)65
Q3) The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions.This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?
A)under-route processing
B)peripheral-route processing
C)central-route processing
D)classic-route processing
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