Introduction to Psychology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology is an overview course that explores the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. Students will examine foundational topics including perception, learning, memory, cognition, emotion, motivation, personality, psychological disorders, and the biological bases of behavior. The course highlights major theoretical perspectives, research methods, and real-world applications, providing students with a broad understanding of how individuals think, feel, and interact with their environments. Through lectures, discussions, and practical assignments, students gain insights into both historical and contemporary issues in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Lifespan Development 5th Canadian Edition by Denise Boyd
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19 Chapters
1981 Verified Questions
1981 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Methods
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91 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher interested in the effects of test anxiety on math test performance finds 40 volunteer students who report high levels of test anxiety. The researcher randomly assigns 20 of the students to a workshop on relaxation techniques and the other 20 students to a workshop on basic computer skills. After four weeks of classes, the researcher compares the average math test scores of the two groups to see which group has better scores. The independent variable in this study is ________ and the dependent variable is ________.
A) type of workshop; math test scores
B) length of the workshop; test anxiety
C) test anxiety; length of the workshops
D) math test scores; type of workshop
Answer: A
Q2) Beginning to walk or beginning to menstruate are examples of development based upon maturation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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117 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fumi has dark skin. Her husband Liam has pale skin. Their children will likely have
A) dark skin (dominant-recessive).
B) pale skin (dominant-recessive).
C) blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance).
D) some with dark skin; some with light skin (polygenetic inheritance).
Answer: C
Q2) ________ is to Skinner as ________ is to Bandura.
A) Intrinsic reinforcement; scheme
B) Libido; assimilation
C) Unconditional stimulus; working memory
D) Reinforcement; observational learning
Answer: D
Q3) According to Sigmund Freud, a ________ is characterized by behaviours that reflect unresolved problems and unmet needs.
A) libido
B) fixation
C) defence mechanism
D) conscious thought
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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112 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A serious sex-linked genetic disorder where the person's blood lacks the chemical components needed for blood to clot is called
A) hemophilia.
B) sickle cell anemia.
C) Tay-Sachs disease.
D) fragile X syndrome.
Answer: A
Q2) A midwife is someone who has had children herself and can therefore help during labour.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following diagnostic tests are able to identify chromosomal errors and many genetic disorders prior to birth?
A) amniocentesis
B) alpha-fetoprotein blood test
C) fetoscopy
D) ultrasound
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy
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96 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Canada, the highest rate of SIDS is found
A) in Ontario.
B) in cities.
C) in isolated rural communities.
D) in First Nations communities.
Q2) Babies cannot see colour at birth, they can only see in black and white.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Infant mortality rates among Inuit infants are two to four times the national average.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A newborn is able to focus on objects if they are positioned within 25-80 centimetres of the baby's eyes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) There has been no research that indicates female infants develop manipulative skills before male infants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sound pattern that consists of repeated combinations of consonants and vowels is
A) holophrases.
B) schematic phrasing.
C) cooing.
D) babbling.
Q2) A basic premise of Renee Baillargeon's research pertaining to infants' knowledge about objects is
A) infants' understanding about objects expands as they progress through sequential cognitive stages.
B) infants are born with an innate understanding about objects.
C) infants are born with built-in strategies for learning about objects.
D) infant cognition is far too complex to be inferred from their interactions with objects.
Q3) Werker's research demonstrates that one characteristic of infants that helps them to learn language is
A) intelligence.
B) concentration.
C) the ability to babble.
D) the ability to distinguish between human speech and other non-speech sounds.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Canada, the most common pattern for non-parental care for infants and toddlers is
A) grandparents outside the child's home.
B) non-relatives outside the child's home.
C) licensed daycares.
D) relatives inside the child's home.
Q2) The characteristics or traits one exhibits as an infant will
A) change significantly depending on maturation and experience.
B) remain stable until puberty for approximately half the population.
C) change or modify with maturation except for those individuals at the most extreme end of a given temperament continuum.
D) remain consistent over childhood and adolescence and likely into adulthood.
Q3) The term "temperament" refers to
A) one of three personality patterns that children typically display.
B) the typical pattern of response a child makes when she is angry or frustrated.
C) the degree to which a child will permit himself to be influenced by others.
D) inborn behavioural and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality.
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8
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Q1) Which of the following is a family characteristic that fosters the development of higher IQ in children?
A) regulated, corrective parental responses to children's behaviour
B) expectations that children will achieve in school
C) conversations with children using plain, easy-to-understand language that is clear and concise
D) restrictions and control over children's behaviour to ensure that children do not fail
Q2) A child's rate of growth in height and weight is faster during the toddler and preschool years than in infancy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English, according to Roger Brown?
A) "I ran."
B) "A cat."
C) "Doggie running."
D) "Come in."
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shaking hands with another person when you meet them is an example of a(n) A) moral rule.
B) social convention.
C) understanding of others' intentions.
D) person perception.
Q2) All of the following statements about emotional regulation in young children are true EXCEPT:
A) Self-soothing, redirection, and language abilities are part of the skill set.
B) Good emotional regulation abilities predict social popularity.
C) Emotional regulation correlates with anger levels.
D) It incorporates understanding of moral rules.
Q3) Which of the following parental behaviours is NOT linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behaviour in their children?
A) allowing children to develop their own rules of behaviour
B) providing parental models of altruistic behaviour
C) having children do helpful things
D) creating a loving and warm family environment
Q4) Self-regulation is a skill associated with the development of the social self.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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106 Verified Questions
106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is true regarding heritage languages in Canada?
A) Passing on language and culture (heritage) is the responsibility of the individual or family.
B) Aboriginal people have a well-defined system for preserving their cultural heritage and languages.
C) Governments must preserve heritage languages through legislation and protective policies.
D) The Canadian government's concern is English proficiency not heritage-language proficiency.
Q2) Many Aboriginal languages are now extinct or lost due to the lack of heritage-language legislation and policies in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Canada, the frequency of the use of standardized achievement tests has A) decreased.
B) increased substantially for all school-aged children.
C) decreased in favour of increased use of projective tests.
D) stayed the same.
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Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social approval helps to maintain aggressiveness and may cause interventions aimed at reducing aggressiveness to be ineffective.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem?
A) As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected.
B) If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism.
C) The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents value athleticism.
D) The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem.
Q3) Social competence is a strong buffer against the development of behaviour problems in childhood.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) A developmental pathway for adolescent depression may be created by
A) growing up in a religion that emphasizes traditional gender roles.
B) growing up with a depressed parent.
C) having many siblings.
D) growing up in a low socioeconomic status family.
Q2) It is not possible to become pregnant shortly after menarche.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If Sameer wants to learn calculus so he can become an engineer, he is motivated by a(n) ________ goal.
A) task
B) ability
C) hypothetico-deductive
D) metacognitive
Q4) Of the following, which is NOT an example of changes in primary sex characteristics during puberty?
A) growth of the penis
B) growth of a uterus
C) growth of breasts
D) growth of the ovaries
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Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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91 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females, is a A) clique.
B) crowd.
C) camp.
D) posse.
Q2) The parenting style that elicits the most favourable school outcomes and psychological adjustment for teenagers is the ________ style.
A) egalitarian
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian
Q3) As teenagers proceed through adolescence,
A) they have more rigid ideas about sex-role behaviours or sex-role identity behaviours.
B) they increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal philosophies.
C) their self-concepts are increasingly tied to their physical characteristics.
D) their self-concepts become more concrete.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms represents the basic, underlying, inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings?
A) quality adjusted life years
B) senescence
C) primary aging
D) secondary aging
Q2) What is the context for most of the sexual violence in Canada?
A) social or romantic relationships
B) stalking of the victim by an unknown person
C) an unpremeditated attack by a stranger
D) marital rape
Q3) Most sexual violence in Canada occurs within the context of social or romantic relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q4) B cells decline most in number and efficiency as we age, making us more susceptible to internal threats like cancer.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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104 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Roisman's research suggests that the most significant and complex developmental domain that young adults must master is work-related skills and adjustments.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to social role theory, mate selection is driven by gender based social rules and role expectations more than any other factor.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an element of evolutionary theories of mate selection?
A) Both women and men are likely to select mates who are similar to themselves on key characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and age.
B) Men choose mates more slowly and carefully than women and will test a potential mate's reliability and trustworthiness before engaging in sexual intercourse.
C) Men prefer mates who are younger and physically attractive, and women prefer mates who have financial resources.
D) Women and men invest equally in childbearing and parenting.
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16
Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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106 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two age-related changes in the eyes that are collectively known as presbyopia?
A) clouding of the retina and loss of light/dark adaptation
B) thickening and loss of flexibility of the eye lens
C) thickening and yellowing of the retina
D) clouding of the retina and yellowing of the eye lens
Q2) The process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging is called "selective optimization with compensation."
A)True
B)False
Q3) What do experts believe causes the menstrual irregularity associated with the premenopausal phase of menopause?
A) hot flashes
B) fluctuations in estrogen production
C) decreased progesterone
D) stress and fatigue
Q4) The recollection of personal events uses semantic memory.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle
Adulthood
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102 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Devon has a very close relationship with his grandparents; they helped raise him and continue to play an active role in his life. This is referred to as a(n)
A) remote relationship.
B) companionate relationship.
C) involved relationship.
D) involuntary relationship.
Q2) The pattern of adult children leaving the parental home but returning again to live with parents is a social phenomenon known as
A) the cramped nest.
B) Peter Paning.
C) the revolving door.
D) boomeranging.
Q3) Of the following individuals, who would be least likely to have made retirement preparations?
A) Elizabeth, who dreads the whole notion of being a retired person.
B) Hrithik, who began to cut back his work hours 10 years ago.
C) George, who has become very dissatisfied with the demands of his job and his supervisor.
D) Jolanda, who has retired friends who travel and socialize together.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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106 Verified Questions
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of changes that occur in the brain during the adult years?
A) an increase of grey matter
B) a decline in the density of dendrites
C) increased synaptic speed
D) a pruning of the synapses to eliminate redundant neural connections
Q2) What is the most likely cause of slower reaction time for everyday tasks and activities for an older individual?
A) dendritic loss and slowing of synaptic speed
B) the preliminary effects of Alzheimer's disease
C) pruning of redundant neural connections
D) the decline in sensory input and processing
Q3) Older individuals who have ________ are two to three times more likely to experience functional disability than elders who do not.
A) arthritis and hypertension
B) cancer
C) no spouse or children
D) impairments in vision and hearing
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Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late
Adulthood
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110 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The degree to which seniors maintain cognitive functioning is linked in large part to education.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following individuals is more likely to remarry after the death of a spouse?
A) Marie, age 70, who is wealthy and has no children
B) Elizabeth, age 72, who has a comfortable retirement pension
C) Robert, age 70, who has a modest retirement income
D) Elena, age 65, who owns her own home
Q3) An individual's perception of her situation, such as the adequacy of her income or the level of social support she receives, is the most important predictor of her life satisfaction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Health Canada, 70% of Canada's seniors live
A) in urban areas.
B) in warmer climates like Florida or Arizona.
C) in rural areas.
D) in poverty.
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Chapter 19: Death, Dying, and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Older adults tend to be more anxious about the process of dying rather than of death itself.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following are Kübler-Ross's stages of dying?
A) anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
B) bargaining, denial, acceptance, depression, anger
C) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
D) denial, fighting spirit, stoic acceptance, depression, acceptance
Q3) How do adolescent suicide beliefs and behaviours compare with those of adults?
A) Adults cognitively grasp the finality of suicide, adolescents do not.
B) Adolescents are more likely to leave long explanatory suicide notes, adults frequently do not leave notes.
C) Many teens believe death to be a pleasurable experience, adults believe death to be a painful experience.
D) Despite understanding that death is final, both groups have viewed suicide as a temporary escape from a stressful personal problem.
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