Introduction to Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores key psychological concepts, methods, and theories, covering topics such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will examine both historical perspectives and contemporary research, gaining insight into how individuals think, feel, and act within various contexts. The course also emphasizes the relevance of psychology in everyday life and introduces foundational skills in critical thinking and scientific inquiry.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 4th Canadian Edition by Carole Wade
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the close of the nineteenth century, Gerhard is excited to find that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gerhard will be trained to:
A) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements.
B) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behaviour.
C) listen intently while individuals tell him of their depression or nervousness.
D) carefully feel the bumps on a person's head in order to determine her or his character traits.
Answer: A
Q2) After Jean completed her graduate work, she was licensed as a clinical psychologist. Her graduate training had focused on professional practice and she completed a literature review rather than a dissertation. Jean's advanced degree is likely to be a/an:
A) PhD.
B) PsyD.
C) MD.
D) EdD.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
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Q1) For his adult development class, Barry is systematically recording behaviours at an assisted-care facility, making sure that he doesn't interfere with the behaviours. Barry is engaged in:
A) observational research.
B) statistically significant research.
C) standardized testing.
D) experimental research.
Answer: A
Q2) Professor King's test of creativity has a problem in regard to validity because what is actually being tested is verbal sophistication.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) requires that all its members follow the CPA code of ethics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
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Q1) ________, the basic units of heredity, are located on ________, rod-shaped structures found in the nucleus of every cell of the body.
A) Genomes; genes
B) Chromosomes; genomes
C) Genes; chromosomes
D) Chromosomes; genes
Answer: C
Q2) Identifying a single gene has been compared to searching for someone when all you know is that the person lives somewhere in Toronto.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Heritability is defined as a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
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Q1) A chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron is called a/an:
A) neurotransmitter.
B) action potential.
C) glial cell.
D) precursor cell.
Q2) PET scans show that depressed and anxious patients show ________ neural activity in the ________.
A) decreased; cerebellum
B) decreased; amygdala
C) increased; cerebellum
D) increased; amygdala
Q3) ________ is a procedure that is used by researchers as a "virtual" and temporary method to lesion the brain.
A) microelectrode recording
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging
C) positron-emission tomography
D) transcranial magnetic stimulation
Q4) Describe three tasks of the amygdala.
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Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
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Q1) Dreaming during which the dreamer is aware of dreaming and may believe that he or she is conscious.
A)narcolepsy
B)internal desynchronization
C)sleep apnea
D)lucid dreaming
E)seasonal affective disorder
Q2) Describe the results of abuse/addiction to psilocybin.
Q3) Although the purpose of REM sleep is still a matter of debate, the authors point out that it clearly does have a purpose because people who lose REM sleep will:
A) spend more time than usual in the REM phase.
B) spend less time than usual in the REM phase.
C) eventually begin to experience hallucinations and delusions.
D) often recall dreams that are more vivid and strange than usual.
Q4) If REM sleep is disrupted following learning, memory will be:
A) worse the next day.
B) better the next day.
C) unchanged as long as total sleep is at least eight hours.
D) better as long as slow-wave sleep is not disrupted.
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) A man has trouble hearing and is being tested for a hearing aid. He is presented with tones of various intensities and is asked to indicate whenever he detects a sound. This procedure is most similar to that used by researchers who study:
A) absolute thresholds.
B) response biases.
C) the just noticeable difference.
D) difference thresholds.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a reason that illusions occur?
A) Illusions can occur when misleading messages are sent to the brain from the sense organs.
B) The brain sometimes misinterprets sensory information.
C) Some illusions result from the physical properties of light.
D) Illusions may occur because of inattention to detail.
Q3) Shorter light waves tend to be seen as orange and red.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What procedure did René Descartes use in order to demonstrate that retinal images are upside-down?
Q5) What is the "cocktail party phenomenon"?
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Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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Q1) List six reasons why punishment fails.
Q2) The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that:
A) reinforcers are primary and punishers are secondary.
B) reinforcers are positive and punishers are negative.
C) reinforcers strengthen behaviour and punishers weaken behaviour.
D) punishers are primary and reinforcers are secondary.
Q3) The classical-conditioning term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus is:
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
Q4) Behaviourism is the school of psychology that accounts for behaviour in terms of observable acts and events, without references to mental events.
A)True B)False
Q5) Strict behaviourists avoid the word reward in favour of the word reinforcement. A)True B)False
Page 9
Q6) What is the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers?
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Chapter 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
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Q1) Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister, used a technique called the "Big Lie." He knew that people begin to believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of times. The formal name for this technique is:
A) the familiarity effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the validity effect.
D) symbolic racism.
Q2) Which of the following is a way of measuring implicit prejudice?
A) anonymous surveys of attitudes
B) face-to-face interviews with individuals
C) survey of discriminatory behaviours
D) measurement of unconscious associations
Q3) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:
A) outbreaks of horrifying violence are usually the result of inner aggressive drives and the sheer evilness of the enemy.
B) all humans beings and all cultures contain the potential for good and for evil.
C) healthy people rarely commit terribly disturbing or violent acts.
D) few societies have changed from warlike to peaceful and vice versa.
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Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.
A) Cognitive ethology
B) Anthropomorphism
C) Anthropodenial
D) Human bias
Q2) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as an inborn, global characteristic of an individual usually defined as the innate ability to acquire information.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to our textbook, intelligence is defined as a measure of memory and vocabulary that was originally computed by dividing a person's mental age by his or her chronological age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mindlessness occurs when we make decisions out of habit without stopping to analyze why.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Memory
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Questions
Q1) In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, the teacher has them learn the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine." This is an example of:
A) reconstructive memory.
B) serial-position effect.
C) pattern recognition.
D) mnemonics.
Q2) Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect:
A) is of a different gender than the victim.
B) is significantly older than the victim.
C) is of a different ethnic background than the victim.
D) is significantly younger than the victim.
Q3) Your long-term memory holds a vast amount of information, including items of information about animals. Describe one of your semantic memories about animals and one of your episodic memories about them. Make sure you label which is which!
Q4) A fill-in-the-blank quiz of psychology terms would test for recall of the terms.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Q1) "It's too bad my car was totalled by the tree that fell on it during the hurricane, but now I can get that new car I've been wanting." This is an example of:
A) reappraising the situation.
B) making social comparisons.
C) learning from the experience.
D) cultivating a sense of humour.
Q2) Locus of control refers to your general expectation about whether you can control the things that happen to you.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anna is the front-desk manager of a hotel. What kind of emotion work is necessary on her job?
Q4) After their home in Vancouver is damaged during flooding, a couple looks into the provincial loan programs to help them rebuild. Their behaviour is an example of:
A) emotion-focused coping.
B) reappraisal.
C) problem-focused coping.
D) distraction.
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Chapter 12: Motivation
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a condition that will increase productivity and satisfaction at work?
A) a pay raise
B) varied tasks
C) clear and consistent rules
D) useful feedback about performance
Q2) The state of tension caused by deprivation is the major motivation in human behaviour.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT accurate according to research on the biology of desire?
A) The penis and the clitoris develop from the same embryonic tissues.
B) Physiological changes during male and female sexual arousal are similar.
C) Men's capacity for sexual response greatly surpasses that of women.
D) All orgasms are physiologically the same.
Q4) In terms of the number of sexual partners and the acceptance of casual sex, gay men are generally similar to heterosexual women.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
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Q1) The four-year-old who talks baby talk to her two-year-old sister but not to her seven-year-old sister challenges Piaget's claim that four-year-old children:
A) are egocentric.
B) lack object permanence.
C) are preoperational.
D) are incapable of mental operations.
Q2) Gwen and her brother Henry produce roughly the same levels of male hormones and female hormones. Given this information, it is likely that:
A) Gwen and Henry have both reached puberty.
B) Henry has reached puberty but Gwen has not.
C) Gwen and Henry have not yet reached puberty.
D) Gwen has reached puberty but Henry has not.
Q3) The fastest-growing segment of the population in North America consists of people born:
A) during the Great Depression (beginning in 1929).
B) in the past 10 years.
C) in the decade after the First World War (born before 1927).
D) during the post-Second World War baby boom (beginning in 1946).
Q4) Why has there been public concern about the exposure of pregnant women to lead?
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Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
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Q1) In Freud's theory of personality, in order to defend itself against the demands of the id, the ego will call upon:
A) problem-focused coping devices.
B) the libido.
C) the superego.
D) defence mechanisms.
Q2) the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts
A)defence mechanism
B)libido
C)id
D)superego
E)ego
Q3) Compare and contrast each of the five theories of personality in regard to how personality traits are affected.
Q4) The Big Five personality traits are stable throughout a person's life.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is meant by "nonshared environment"?
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) The typical anxiety symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include reliving the trauma in recurrent and intrusive thoughts.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Vulnerability-stress models are approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities interact with external circumstances to produce mental disorders.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Those who drink in order to ________ have significantly more drinking problems than those who drink for other reasons.
A) conform to a group
B) disguise anxiety
C) be sociable
D) relax under stress
Q4) Most sufferers of obsessive-compulsive disorder enjoy their rituals and can't understand why people want them to change.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
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Q1) Psychosurgery is ________ today.
A) rare
B) common
C) illegal
D) more effective
Q2) When a patient comes in complaining of a headache, the therapist views the headache as the tip of a mental iceberg. Which type of therapy would this represent?
A) psychoanalytic
B) cognitive
C) behavioural
D) existential
Q3) Electroconvulsive therapy involves the use of a pulsing magnetic coil held to the depressed person's skull at the left prefrontal cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Biological therapy with depressed patients restores their brain-wave sleep profiles to normal.
A)True
B)False
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