Introduction to Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores major topics such as perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, motivation, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Students will examine key theories, foundational research, and current practices in psychology, gaining insights into how individuals think, feel, and act. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking and the application of psychological principles to everyday life, preparing students for further study in the field or informed participation in a world influenced by psychological knowledge.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Paul Chance
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Learning to Change
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Q1) The author of your text excludes thoughts and feelings from the realm of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The author of your text evidently believes that _______.
A) change is a good thing
B) behavior is best accounted for by nature
C) adaptation occurs slowly
D) learning is a way of adapting to change
Answer: D
Q3) Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.
A) 87%
B) 73%
C) 65%
D) 45%
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: The Study of Learning and Behavior
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Q1) The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably
A) Aardvark
B) Darwin
C) Galen
D) Malthus
Answer: C
Q2) In group-design experiments, researchers often use _________ to reduce differences among participants.
A) clones
B) statistics
C) DNA matching
D) matched sampling
Answer: D
Q3) Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a ______.
A) dust mop
B) fountain pen
C) light switch
D) barber's chair
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures
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Q1) Pavlov reported that repeatedly pairing a mild acid and a particular odor, in that order, failed to produce a CR. The experimenter then got a CR by presenting an odor followed by the mild acid. This time, however, he used a different odor. Explain why he used a different odor.
Answer: The experimenter used a different odor because the original odor had become associated with the mild acid in the initial pairing, and therefore did not produce a CR when presented alone. By using a different odor, the experimenter was able to create a new association between the odor and the mild acid, resulting in the desired conditioned response. This demonstrates the importance of stimulus specificity in classical conditioning, as the specific stimuli used in the pairing can greatly impact the formation of conditioned responses.
Q2) The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of the CS.
A) bi-pendant on B) contracted to C) contingent on D) ipsilateral to
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Pavlovian Applications
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Q1) Mary Cover Jones cured Peter's fear of ______.
Q2) Pavlovian conditioning suggests that stimuli associated with chemotherapy (such as the clinic where the patient is treated) might suppress the patient's _______ system.
Q3) The CS in the Little Albert study was a _______.
Q4) In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.
A) counter-
B) adversive
C) aversion
D) shock
Q5) If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________.
A) allergic to plastic
B) allergic to pollen
C) faking
D) nearsighted
Q6) Prejudice is an example of a CER, or __________.
Q7) Describe the work of Watson and Rayner with Little Albert.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Reinforcement
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Q1) Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.
A) transient
B) conditioned
C) second-order
D) acquired
Q2) In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.
A) Olds and Milner
B) Skinner
C) Barnes and Noble
D) Hull
Q5) Clark Hull's name is associated with the _______ theory of reinforcement.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
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Q1) Kohler thought that insight was achieved suddenly, but other work suggests that it is achieved gradually.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Superstitous behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it
A) is strange
B) is not supported by facts
C) does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it
D) ultimately works to the disadvantage of the individual
Q3) Stuart Vyse's book on superstition is called _______.
A) Quest for Truth
B) The Science of Mystery
C) Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition
D) Self-Deception
Q4) Learned helplessness may be avoided through _______ training.
Q5) Creative behavior is a function of its consequences.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Schedules of Reinforcement
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Q1) The schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of new behavior is _______.
A) CRF
B) FR 2
C) FI 3"
D) VI 3"
Q2) Explain why fatigue is not a good explanation for postreinforcement pauses.
Q3) One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the
A) discrimination hypothesis
B) frustration hypothesis
C) sequential hypothesis
D) response unit hypothesis
Q4) The term ________ refers to the pattern and rate of performance produced by a particular reinforcement schedule.
Q5) The response unit hypothesis suggests that there really is no such thing as the partial reinforcement effect.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment
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Q1) One way to make punishment more effective is to provide an alternative means of obtaining reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves ___________.
A) positive and negative reinforcement
B) Pavlovian and operant learning
C) positive and negative punishment
D) reward training and escape training
Q3) When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Operant Applications
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Q1) How could you use operant procedures to improve the adoption rate of orphans aged five to twelve?
Q2) The first teaching machines were designed by ___________.
Q3) Taub's research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb.
A)True B)False
Q4) Researchers have demonstrated that the rate of work-related accidents can be reduced by reinforcing safe practices with bonuses and time off, but why are such efforts necessaryn other words, why do workers not follow safe practices spontaneously since they benefit by avoiding injuries?
Q5) Which is the better way of reducing the frequency of misbehavior in students, time out or differential reinforcement?
Q6) Problem behavior in children can usually be dealt with effectively through ________ reinforcement.
Q7) The first true teaching machines were built by B. F. Skinner. A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Observational Learning
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Q1) Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The first studies of observational learning ______.
A) proved beyond a doubt that animals learn by observing models
B) proved that only higher animals learn by observing models
C) suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances
D) failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
Q4) Research suggests that the tendency to imitate the irrelevant acts of a model increases with age.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
Q6) Discuss the role of observational learning in criminal behavior.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control
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Q1) The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training
Q2) The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training.
A) Pavlov
B) Spence
C) Lashley and Wade
D) Herrnstein
Q3) Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from _______.
A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) transposition
D) stimulus control
Q4) Arthur Bachrach and colleagues demonstrated generalization of therapy in their treatment of a woman suffering from an eating disorder called ________.
Page 13
Q5) Discuss the DOE and its implications for discrimination training.
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Chapter 12: Forgetting
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Q1) What are some things your text says you can do to reduce forgetting?
Q2) When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is ___________.
A) put on extinction before the retention interval
B) put on extinction after the retention interval
C) alternately extinguished and retrained
D) completely extinguished before training begins
Q3) The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A system for learning with flash cards is known by the acronym____________.
A) FLASH
B) SPDLN
C) SAFMEDS
D) IDANO
Q5) When performance varies with an organism's physiological condition, it is said to be
Page 14
Q6) Describe Krueger's study of overlearning and its findings.
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Chapter 13: The Limits of Learning
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Q1) The psychologist who believed that learned behavior could be inherited was
A) McArthur
B) McConnell
C) McDougall
D) McEdwards
Q2) Suppose learning were passed on from generation to generation. How would your relationship with your parents be different?
Q3) The tendency to revert to a fixed (or modal) action pattern is called instinctive drift.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The idea that an enriched environment in childhood can produce high intelligence is supported by the case of _______.
Q5) Learning does not always mean progress. Completion
A)True
B)False
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