Introduction to Psychological Research
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychological Research provides students with a foundational understanding of the methods and principles used to investigate human behavior and mental processes. The course covers essential topics such as research design, data collection techniques, ethical considerations, hypothesis formulation, and statistical analysis. Students will learn how to critically evaluate research findings, understand the importance of scientific inquiry in psychology, and develop practical skills for conducting their own research projects. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the knowledge necessary to interpret and conduct psychological research in both academic and applied settings.
Recommended Textbook Methods in Behavioural Research 2nd canadian Edition by Paul C. Cozby
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Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behaviour
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Q1) One reason for why the use of intuition results in erroneous conclusions is A) intuitions are never correct.
B) it is unethical to employ intuition in research.
C) we have a tendency to conclude that there must be a causal relationship when we observe the co-occurrence of two related events.
D) our perceptions are always incorrect.
Answer: C
Q2) The advantage of employing the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the world is that it
A) allows scientists to show that the explanations we make for the actions we observe are always correct.
B) allows one to rule out intuition and authority as sources of ideas about behaviour.
C) provides an objective set of rules for gathering,evaluating,and reporting information.
D) allows scientists the opportunity to show the public their findings are always correct.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Q1) Michael Lynn's study on tipping behavior in restaurants and hotels,described in the text,was designed to determine whether factors such as posture and communication influence tips left by customers.The idea for his study was based on A) past research.
B) common sense.
C) a theory.
D) everyday problem.
Answer: D
Q2) The American Psychological Association computer database that stores the contents of Psychological Abstracts is A) PsycINFO.
B) Psychological Abstracts.
C) Web of Science.
D) Pubmed.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethical Research
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Q1) The Zimbardo prison study had to be stopped in fewer than six days because
A) the participants had been deceived and did not know what was expected of them.
B) the participants did not understand the experiment well enough to carry it out successfully.
C) the participants took the roles they were playing too seriously.
D) experienced actors are necessary for this kind of experiment to be successful.
Answer: C
Q2) In a research experiment,information that is revealed by the participants is protected by ____________.
A) informed consent
B) debriefing
C) anonymity
D) confidentiality
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Research Design Fundamentals
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Q1) Igor notices that the more time he spends working in the laboratory,the more familiar he becomes with the standard laboratory procedures.What type of relationship does this observation represent?
A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Curvilinear
D) No relationship
Q2) The process of clearly identifying how a variable is measured or manipulated is referred to as the _______ of the variable.
A) reliability
B) validity
C) level
D) operational definition
Q3) The finding that a person's shoe size is not associated with their family income suggests
A) a positive relationship.
B) a negative relationship.
C) a curvilinear relationship.
D) no relationship.
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Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Q1) Which of the following indicators provides information about each individual item's correlation with other items?
A) Test-retest and alternate forms
B) Alternate forms and split-half
C) Split-half and test-retest
D) Cronbach's alpha and item total correlations
Q2) You have just received a new digital tape measure.When you measure the same board four times,you find the measure fluctuates from 4 to 8 inches.Your new tape measure can be said to be low in
A) reactivity.
B) validity.
C) reliability.
D) externality.
Q3) The value of Cronbach's alpha is based on an average of A) the values obtained for test-retest and split half correlations.
B) all inter-item correlations coefficients and the number of items in the measure.
C) the scores from tests given to different individuals.
D) the correlation between scores on a shortened version and a longer version of the measure.
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Q1) If you ask teenagers to describe the behaviours of their parents that most upsets them,you would be using a(n)_____ approach of data collection.
A) correlational
B) experimental
C) qualitative
D) quantitative
Q2) Tracy decides to employ naturalistic observation on students within her halls of residence.A potential problem with this type of observation is she
A) may be unable to experience the day-to-day behaviours within the halls of residence.
B) does not know the members she is observing.
C) may lose the objectivity needed to conduct the scientific observation.
D) is not using concealed observation.
Q3) In systematic observation studies,reliability is indicated by A) high agreement among observers.
B) a high FICS score.
C) high validity.
D) low reactivity.
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Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Q1) Which of the following behaviours would a researcher be least likely to do to increase response rates when employing telephone or mail surveys?
A) Send a follow-up reminder
B) Offer an incentive for participating
C) Ask a respondent to call the researcher back
D) Attempt to convince people of the importance of the survey and their participation
Q2) Nancy assesses voters' attitudes toward their likelihood to vote in the city elections by asking them to make a check on a 100-millimeter line with the anchor "very unlikely" at one end of the line and the anchor "very likely" at the other.This would be an example of which type of rating scale?
A) Semantic differential
B) Graphic rating
C) Behavioural measure
D) Comparative rating
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Q1) An experiment has internal validity when A) the dependent variable is measured reliably.
B) the dependent variable is valid.
C) only the independent variable could have caused the results.
D) the independent variable is strongly manipulated.
Q2) Failure of the experimenter to control some extraneous variable may result in a(n) A) state of confusion.
B) confound.
C) conflict.
D) interaction.
Q3) A confounding variable is devastating to an experimental design because it A) increases the variability in the data.
B) increases the internal reactivity of the experiment.
C) makes possible alternative explanations for the results.
D) eliminates alternative explanations for the results.
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Chapter 9: Conducting Studies
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Q1) A manipulation check is especially important in studies
A) using double-blind procedures.
B) when nonsignificant results are obtained.
C) using independent groups.
D) where demand characteristics are minimal.
Q2) While Leo is performing a cognitive task,a researcher uses a physiological measure that scans various areas of his brain.The researcher is most likely using a A) electrocardiogram.
B) galvanic skin response.
C) functional MRI.
D) cognitive task inventory.
Q3) A researcher presents his dog with a bowl of normal dog food and a bowl of vitamin enriched dog food.He then records the amount of each type of food the dog consumes as a measure of his dog's food preference.What kind of measure has the researcher used?
A) Behavioural
B) Self-report
C) Physiological
D) Reactive
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Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Q1) In analyzing the interaction between age and gender,Reba finds a difference in hiring likelihood between young and old applicants when they are females.However,she finds no difference between young and old applicants when they are males.Based on the findings,Reba has examined the
A) main effect of age.
B) main effect of gender.
C) simple main effect of age.
D) simple main effect of gender.
Q2) A researcher finds that for male applicants,the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases.However,for female applicants,the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience.Which of the following is correct?
A) There is an interaction between gender and work experience for male applicants.
B) There is no interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants.
C) There is an interaction between gender and work experience.
D) There is an interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants.
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Chapter 11: Research Designs for Special Circumstances
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Q1) Selection differences in the non-equivalent control group design are
A) essential to the design because they enhance the independent variable.
B) essential to the design because they allow greater differences than the dependent variable.
C) problematic because they challenge the external validity of the study.
D) problematic because they challenge the interval validity of the study.
Q2) Over time,human observers may become fatigued or change the standards on which observations are based.When this change in measurement occurs over time a researcher might suspect which type of effect?
A) History
B) Regression toward the mean
C) Testing
D) Instrument decay
Q3) A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3,6,and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9,12,and 15 years old.The researcher has used the ______ method.
A) longitudinal
B) sequential
C) cross-sectional
D) panel study
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Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results:
Describ-Ingvariables and Relationships Among Them
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Q1) Which one of the following is NOT one of the three basic ways of describing results discussed in your text?
A) Compare group percentages.
B) Compare group means.
C) Compare group assignments.
D) Correlate scores of individuals on two variables.
Q2) Multiple correlation is a technique for
A) increasing accuracy of prediction.
B) multiplying correlation coefficients.
C) making measures more reliable.
D) determining causal relationships between variables.
Q3) At the beginning of the season,a sports writer gives her prediction of teams that will finish in the top three places in the eastern,central,and western divisions.Her prediction would be an example of using which type of measurement scale?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results:
Statistical-Inference Basics
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Q1) Leticia has collected data on the relationship between physical attractiveness and judgments of personality characteristics.In order to determine if the results obtained from the sample are representative of the population,Leticia will need to employ _____ statistics.
A) qualitative
B) descriptive
C) inferential
D) ordinal
Q2) A researcher interested in the use of discipline practices by males versus females predicted that men would use power-oriented practices more frequently than women.The research hypothesis would be that
A) women use power techniques more than men.
B) men use power techniques more than women.
C) there is no difference between men and women in the use of discipline techniques.
D) there is a significant difference between men and women and the use of discipline techniques.
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Chapter 14: Generalizing Results
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Q1) A ______ identifies trends in the literature whereas a _____ allows statistical,quantitative conclusions about the research.
A) conceptual replication;narrative literature review
B) narrative literature review;meta-analysis
C) meta-analysis;narrative literature review
D) meta-analysis;conceptual replication
Q2) An important consideration in the external validity of research is
A) assure all participants have the same background.
B) include groups from varying cultures.
C) use only college age participants.
D) employ only one type of experimenter.
Q3) The text stresses the importance of ________ in establishing generalizations.
A) pretests
B) interactions
C) replications
D) field experiments
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