Introduction to Plant Biology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Plant Biology offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts in plant science, including plant structure, function, growth, reproduction, evolution, and diversity. The course explores the physiological processes that enable plants to make and use food, adapt to their environments, and interact with other organisms. Students will learn about the importance of plants in ecosystems, agriculture, and human society, as well as the impact of environmental factors on plant development. Emphasis is placed on scientific inquiry, hands-on laboratory experience, and the application of plant biology principles to real-world problems.
Recommended Textbook
Sterns Introductory Plant Biology 13th Edition by James Bidlack
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Chapter 1: What Is Plant Biology
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Q1) Originally, the scientific method was considered to involve a routine series of steps.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) An early English botanist who described the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors was
A)Nehemiah Grew.
B)Sir Joseph D.Hooker.
C)Charles Claude Smythe.
D)James Worthington.
E)Anton L.Bortenschlager.
Answer: A
Q3) Humans have contributed to global warming and atmospheric pollution which, in turn will affect plant distribution.However, a change in plant distribution will not affect animal populations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: The Nature of Life
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Q1) Peptide bonds link the building blocks of carbohydrates together.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy plus heat energy.According to the first law of thermodynamics,
A) the amount light energy is greater than the amount of chemical energy and heat energy combined.
B) the amount of energy in heat plus chemical energy is greater than the amount of energy in light.
C) the amount of light energy is equal to the amount of chemical energy and heat energy combined.
D) the amount of light energy is equal to the amount of chemical energy, since both are forms of potential energy.
E) there is no relationship between the amount of energy in light versus the amount of energy in chemical and heat energy since they are all different forms of energy.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Cells
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Q1) Leucoplasts contain yellow to orange pigments.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Material to be viewed with a transmission electron microscope must be nonliving.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The nuclear envelope is porous to allow certain molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Which of the pairs is mismatched?
A) chloroplast; photosynthesis
B) nucleus; chromosomes
C) microtubule; movement
D) mitochondrion; energy production
E) ribosome; digestion
Answer: E
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the structures of tracheids and vessels, you would expect water transport to be faster in tracheids than in vessels. The vessel elements of xylem have adjacent companion cells that aid in the conduction of water.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The porous cell wall regions of food-conducting cells are called A) ray initials.
B) pits.
C) albuminous cells.
D) sieve plates.
E) sieve tubes.
Q3) Latex and resin are examples of substances conducted by the phloem.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Secretory cells release substances that have been produced in the protoplasm.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Roots and Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clay particles have negative electric charge which tend to retard water drainage and retain positively charged ions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Soil water between field capacity and the permanent wilting point is called
A) hygroscopic water.
B) gravitational water.
C) capillary water.
D) intermediate water.
E) available water.
Q3) Roots that develop from an organ OTHER than an existing root are called A) root hairs.
B) fibrous roots.
C) radicle.
D) adventitious roots.
E) primary root.
Q4) The protective suberin bands called Casparian strips are confined to the cells of the epidermis.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Stems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lignin, which is found in the walls of xylem cells, makes the cells tough and hard.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most stem tips have caps over them that protect them while they are growing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which function does the stem have in common with the root?
A) synthesis of starch
B) photosynthesis
C) conduction
D) absorption
E) both [photosynthesis and conduction] are correct
Q4) Which of the following would NOT be part of a stele?
A) cortex
B) primary xylem
C) primary phloem
D) pith
E) all of these answers are correct
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Chapter 7: Leaves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Plants whose leaves fall off at the end of the growing season are A) partially evergreen.
B) conifers.
C) biennials.
D) deciduous.
E) dying.
Q2) Betacyanins are pigments that are usually red.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In spines most of the normal leaf tissue is replaced with A) collenchyma.
B) chlorenchyma.
C) sclerenchyma.
D) ray cells.
E) cortex.
Q4) All leaves originate as primordia on the surface of the stem apical meristem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Modifications of fruits or seeds that do NOT adapt them for dispersal by either wind or water include
A) tiny seeds that are light in weight.
B) parachutelike plumes.
C) an inflated sac around the seed.
D) pockets of air beneath the surface of the seed coat.
E) a mechanism that squirts seeds from one end of a melonlike fruit.
Q2) The fleshy edible part of the strawberry is actually the A) compound carpel.
B) multiple achenes.
C) pericarp.
D) fleshy petals.
E) receptacle.
Q3) The part of a flower that frequently functions in protecting unopened flower buds is called the
A) corolla.
B) calyx.
C) filament.
D) peduncle.
E) style.
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Chapter 9: Water in Plants
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Sample Questions
Q1) The early scientist who suggested that cells surrounding xylem vessels perform a pumping action that propels water through a plant was
A)Nehemiah Grew.
B)J.B.van Helmont.
C)Frits Went.
D)Joshua Doolittle.
E)Hans Krebs.
Q2) Pressure that develops within a living cell as a result of water entering the cell is called
A) turgor.
B) osmosis.
C) plasmolysis.
D) transpiration.
E) water potential.
Q3) Approximately how much water typically leaves the plant by transpiration?
A) 90% or more.
B) 25% or less.
C) 75%.
D) 65%.
E) 50%.
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Chapter 10: Plant Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Calvin cycle is also called the
A) 3-carbon pathway.
B) 4-carbon pathway.
C) 5-carbon pathway.
D) 6-carbon pathway.
E) 7-carbon pathway.
Q2) Photooxidation primarily involves the
A) conversion of oxygen to ozone by light.
B) conversion of light to oxygen.
C) destruction of chlorophyll by light.
D) respiration of sugar.
E) conduction of food from sinks to sources.
Q3) Pyruvic acid, formed in glycolysis, is the starting molecule for production of the unique products of fermentation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cytochromes are the principal acceptor molecules in an electron transport chain.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Growth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The movement of a leaf blade on its petiole to keep the blade oriented perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day is facilitated by
A) bulliform cells.
B) motor cells.
C) tracheids.
D) passage cells.
E) laticifers.
Q2) A reduction in the elongation of stems subject to mechanical stresses is called A) cladorestriction.
B) xylar reduction.
C) thigmomorphogenesis.
D) internode compression.
E) skototropism.
Q3) Day-neutral plants do not need light in order to flower.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There probably is only one auxin naturally produced by plants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Meiosis and Alternation of Generation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cells of a sporophyte are diploid.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In meiosis, a spindle first becomes conspicuous and complete in A) prophase I.
B) anaphase I.
C) metaphase I.
D) telophase I.
E) prophase II.
Q3) Chromosomes line up along equators in both metaphase I and metaphase II.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Crossing over during meiosis causes greater reshuffling of genes than just meiosis without crossing over.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Fertilization involves fusion of spores.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics is summarized in the following statement:
A) Proteins convert the mRNA into tRNA molecules in the cytoplasm
B) The flow of information in a cell is from DNA transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus, to the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide in the cytoplasm
C) DNA is the template for the construction of polypeptides in the cytoplasm
D) mRNA is transcribed into rRNA by the tRNA on ribosomes
E) The semiconservative replication of DNA is the source of changes in the genome
Q2) Which of the following describes the function of DNA in a cell?
A) Store genetic information.
B) Copy genetic information for each turn of the cell cycle.
C) Controls the activities of the cell through gene expression.
D) Mutate (or change the genetic information content)
E) All of the above are functions of DNA in a cell.
Q3) Messenger RNA is a small molecule composed of a few nucleotides.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Plant Breeding and Propagation
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Q1) One advantage of genetic engineering over traditional plant breeding is the introduction of genes from very distantly related organisms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first domesticated crop plants were:
A) cereal grains.
B) potato.
C) banana.
D) tomato.
E) apple.
Q3) A gene pool consists of
A) a liquid suspension of plasmids.
B) DNA fragments that have been broken by restriction enzymes.
C) an aquatic environment inhabited by large numbers of mutant organisms.
D) all the genes of all the individuals in a population.
E) genetically engineered organisms.
Q4) Outcrossing involves repeated self-pollination.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Evolution
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Q1) Gene flow occurs when a strong wind blows significant number of seeds from one population into a second population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Deletions, translocations, and inversions are chromosomal changes that lead to mutations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A theory that states that major evolutionary changes have taken place in spurts is referred to as
A) scientific creationism.
B) neo-Darwinism.
C) punctuated equilibrium.
D) LaMarckianism.
E) adaptive radiation.
Q4) When a piece of one chromosome becomes attached to another, it is called translocation.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 16: Plant Names and Classification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Linnaeus developed the first taxonomic key, a tool that ________________. A) described and named all plants known to him B) was based on the phrase name for each species C) allowed other workers to identify plants previously unknown to them D) allowed people to name plants unknown to Linnaeus E) is still in use today
Q2) A plant name at the divisional rank always ends with opsida.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Species is the lowest rank of classification used today for any living organism. A)True
B)False
Q4) The science of classifying and naming organisms is called systematics. A)True
B)False
Q5) The singular of species is specie.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 17: Domain Kingdombacteria, Domain
King-Domarchaea, and Viruses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a virus?
A) HIV
B) bacteriophage
C) herpes
D) Epstein barr
E) None of these answers are correct
Q2) Saprobic bacteria are primarily responsible for decay and recycling of organic matter in animal and plant remains and animal wastes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Under ideal conditions of moisture, food supply and temperature a bacterium may undergo fission every
A) two hours.
B) two minutes.
C) 10 to 20 minutes.
D) two days.
E) 30 to 60 minutes.
Q4) Many bacteria are motile because they possess bacterial flagella.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Kingdom Protista
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Chlamydomonas, the cells involved in sexual reproduction are similar in appearance to those involved in asexual reproduction.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following algae have reproductive cells that are unique in having the flagella inserted laterally (on the sides of the cells)?
A) green algae
B) red algae
C) golden-brown algae
D) brown algae
E) euglenoids
Q3) The pigments that give red algae their characteristic colors are
A) anthocyanins.
B) phycobilins.
C) carotenes.
D) xanthophylls.
E) rhodopsins.
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Chapter 19: Kingdom Fungi
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Q1) Hyphae at the tips of which spores are produced externally (as opposed to within a sporangium)are called
A) sporangiophores.
B) conidiophores.
C) gametophores.
D) progametangia.
E) pseudophores.
Q2) Lichens are classified into groups based on their evolutionary relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Two parasitic fungal diseases classified in the Ascomycota that have completely changed the urban landscape and deciduous forests in eastern North America are
A) ergot and bracket fungi
B) downy mildew and corn blight
C) Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight
D) wheat rust and fire blight
E) None of the above
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21
Chapter 20: Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes
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Q1) Hydroids are specialized water conducting cells in some mosses that resemble hollow tubes; however, most water travels up the outside of the plant by capillarity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Each diamond-shaped segment of a liverwort thallus contains a single A) pore.
B) pair of guard cells.
C) chloroplast.
D) starch grain.
E) hydathode.
Q3) Capsules of mosses normally have xylem tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Meiosis takes place in the stem of mosses.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Since the sperm of mosses are not flagellated, mosses can grow in dry habitats.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives
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Q1) Ancient relatives of both club mosses and horsetails were large and treelike.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Bryophytes, ferns and fern allies all require _________________ for sexual reproduction because the sperm cells ______________.
A) pollinators; depend on animals for distribution
B) wind currents; depend on wind for gamete distribution
C) surface water; swim to the egg cell
D) dry conditions; must be dry before they fertilize egg cells
E) none of these
Q3) Which of the following has neither true leaves nor true roots?
A) club mosses (Lycopodium)
B) whisk ferns (Psilotum)
C) spike mosses (Selaginella)
D) horsetails (Equisetum)
E) ferns
Q4) The prothalli of ferns normally produce rhizoids.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phylum Gingophyta is represented by _________ living species.
A) three genera and 30
B) one
C) approximately 100, primarily north of the equator
D) approximately 90, primarily in the tropics
E) zero
Q2) The sporophylls of pines are usually spirally arranged in strobili.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Two of the original four cells in a pine pollen grain enter a pollen tube; one of these two, which after division eventually gives rise to sperms, is the
A) generative cell.
B) sterile cell.
C) tube cell.
D) nucellar cell.
E) spermatogenous cell.
Q4) Bald cypress trees, like redwoods, are very resistant to decay.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 23: Seed Plants: Angiosperms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bats and other mammals are pollinators of some flowers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Flowering plants consists of about 150,000 species.
A)True
B)False
Q3) With over 250,000 species known, the phylum ___________ is the largest phylum in the plant kingdom.
A) Gnetophyta
B) Ginkgophyta
C) Coniferophyta
D) Magnoliophyta
E) Psilotophyta
Q4) The diversity and number of species of angiosperms is due, in part, to the partnership with animals to aid in pollination and seed dispersal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Flowering Plants and Civilization
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Q1) The Poppy Family is the source of several drugs, including A) belladonna.
B) atropine.
C) candellila.
D) colchicine.
E) codeine.
Q2) Members of the Buttercup, Rose, and Cactus Families all have numerous stamens.
A)True
B)False
Q3) N.I.Vavilov followed up work on the origin of cultivated plants by a Swiss botanist named
A) Alphonse de Candolle.
B) Hans Yodeler.
C) Carl Linnaeus.
D) Theophrastus.
E) Wilhelm Schmidt.
Q4) Several important dye plants are members of the Legume Family.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Ecology
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Q1) The __________ or living component of any environment includes all individuals of each species that interact in that habitat.
A) biotic
B) abiotic
C) population
D) ecosystem
E) ecotype
Q2) Plants obtain their nitrogen supply directly from
A) atmospheric nitrogen.
B) nitrates or ammonia.
C) proteins in the soil.
D) fertilizers.
E) soil bacteria.
Q3) Which of the following estimates or calculations are made with respect to populations?
A) numbers of individuals
B) density
C) biomass
D) geographical range
E) all of these answers are correct
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Chapter 26: Biomes
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Q1) The most fragile of the biomes is the A) tundra.
B) taiga.
C) temperate deciduous forest.
D) grassland.
E) mountain forest.
Q2) Thick waxy cuticle layers and dense hairs on leaves are morphological adaptations to:
A) heavy rainfall and humid environments.
B) dry environments.
C) temperate environments.
D) fresh water environments.
E) wet environments.
Q3) Many of the grasslands of the world have been converted to ______________. A) urban housing
B) commercial pine production
C) hardwood production
D) cropland and cattle grazing land
E) parks
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