Introduction to Physiology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Physiology provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles that govern the functioning of living organisms, with an emphasis on human physiology. Key topics include the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems; mechanisms of homeostasis; and the integration of neural, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, and endocrine systems. The course explores how these systems interact to maintain internal stability and enable the body to respond to internal and external changes. Students will develop an understanding of physiological processes at both the cellular and systemic levels and gain insights into how disturbances can lead to disease.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 9th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
20 Chapters
2000 Verified Questions
2000 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1840 Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36722
Sample Questions
Q1) Intrinsic,or local,controls are learned by an organ.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The two main categories of glands are called ____.
A)secretive and absorptive
B)endocrine and exocrine
C)internal and external
D)embryonic and latent
E)ducted and ductless
Answer: B
Q3) ____________________ medicine is a field that involves repairing,replacing,or regenerating cells,tissues,or organs to establish normal function.
Answer: Regenerative
Q4) Muscle tissue is the ultimate source of all red blood cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) Body cells function best within a(n)____________________ temperature range.
Answer: narrow;small
Page 3
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36723
Sample Questions
Q1) What term refers to the intermediate filaments found in nerve cell axons?
A)axonalfilaments
B)electrical filaments
C)excitatory filaments
D)neurofilaments
E)dendrites
Answer: D
Q2) Larger species have more cells,not ____________________ cells.
Answer: larger
Q3) Releasing to the exterior of substances originating within the cell is referred to as
Answer: exocytosis
Q4) The endoplasmic reticulum can be thought of as a cellular factory that produces what two compounds?
A)DNA and RNA
B)organelles and protein
C)ATP molecules and lipids
D)ribosomes and ATP molecules
E)proteins and lipids
Answer: E
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36724
Sample Questions
Q1) Highly lipid-soluble particles of any size can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Compared to membrane carriers,how much faster are channels at allowing particles/ions to pass through the plasma membrane?
A)2x
B)10x
C)25x
D)100x
E)1,000x
Answer: E
Q3) Membrane channels can be open or closed,but carriers are always "open for business."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Osmolarity is expressed in ____________________. Answer: osmoles per liter (Osm/L)
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36725
Sample Questions
Q1) What property do insulators demonstrate that greatly hinders movement of electrical charge?
A)high resistance
B)low resistance
C)high conductance
D)low conductance
E)absence of electrons
Q2) The resting membrane is ____ more permeable to potassium than to sodium.
A)2x
B)5x
C)10-15x
D)25-30x
E)100x
Q3) In addition to myelination,what else influences the speed with which an axon can conduct action potentials?
A)number of dendrites
B)fiber diameter
C)fiber length
D)size of the cell body
E)proximity of the nerve to spinal cord
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36726
Sample Questions
Q1) What is the innermost CNS membrane?
A)dura matter
B)arachnoid matter
C)inner meninges
D)grey neurons
E)pia matter
Q2) A delta rhythm in the brain is associated with deep ____________________ slow-wave sleep.
Q3) The brain displays a degree of plasticity,which is an ability to genetically remodel in response to the demands placed on it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The limbic system is not a separate structure,but a(n)____________________ system consisting of a ring of forebrain structures that surround the brain stem.
Q5) Discuss how two new projects (launched in 2013)will advance knowledge of the brain based on the study of how neurons are functionally linked.
Q6) The ____________________ association cortex is the part of the brain that "brainstorms" or thinks.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System - Afferent
Division - Special Senses
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36727
Sample Questions
Q1) Where in the brain is taste perceived?
A)occipital lobe
B)thalamus
C)primary gustatory cortex
D)prefrontal cortex
E)lateral geniculate bodies
Q2) If the aqueous humor is not drained as rapidly as it forms,pressure builds within the eye and creates a condition called cataracts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Each taste bud has a small opening,the ____________________,through which fluids in the mouth come into contact with the surface of its receptor cells.
Q4) The inner hair cells communicate via a chemical synapse with the terminals of afferent nerve fibers making up the ____________________ nerve.
Q5) Perception of pain occurs in the thalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the role of the otolith organs.
Page 8
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36729
Sample Questions
Q1) Muscle tension is produced internally within the ____.
A)myosin molecules
B)actin molecules
C)T tubules
D)sarcoplasmic reticulum
E)sarcomeres
Q2) Approximately what percentage of body weight does muscle comprise?
A)20%
B)35%
C)50%
D)70%
E)85%
Q3) Damage to the cerebellum or basal nuclei results in ____.
A)spastic paralysis
B)flaccid paralysis
C)tetanus
D)clumsy movement
E)cerebral palsy
Q4) What functions does the controlled contraction of muscles allow?
Q5) With eccentric contractions,the muscle ____________________.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36730
Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of cardiac muscle cells are contractile?
A)33%
B)50%
C)75%
D)85%
E)99%
Q2) Most often,both valvular stenosis and insufficiency are caused by __________ fever,an autoimmune disease triggered by a(n)__________ bacterial infection.
Q3) Approximately how many times does the human heart beat over an average lifetime?
A)30 billion
B)3 billion
C)300 million
D)30 million
E)3 million
Q4) The middle layer of the heart is called the myocardium and is composed of cardiac muscle and constitutes the bulk of the heart wall.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the distinct layers within the heart.
Page 11
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36731
Sample Questions
Q1) The main region of the brain that adjusts sympathetic output to the arterioles is the cardiovascular control center in the __________ of the brain stem.
Q2) Approximately how many arterioles are there in the average human body?
A)10,000
B)50,000
C)500,000
D)5 million
E)10 billion
Q3) Secondary hypotension results from insufficient compensatory responses to the gravitational shifts in blood when a person moves from a horizontal to a vertical position.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When shear stress increases,endothelial cells release nitric oxide,which diffuses to the underlying smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the effect of sympathetic activity on venous return.
Q6) Explain the meaning of flow in terms of the bloodstream.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 11: The Blood
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36732
Sample Questions
Q1) How many erythrocytes are in each milliliter of blood?
A)50 million
B)500 million
C)1 billion
D)5 billion
E)15 billion
Q2) Which number in the figure represents uninjured endothelium releasing prostacyclin and nitric oxide,so the platelet plug is confined to the site of injury?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5
Q3) People with what blood type are referred to as "universal donors?"
A)type A
B)type B
C)type O
D)type AB
E)type ABO
Q4) Discuss malaria as a cause of anemia.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 12: Body Defenses
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36733
Sample Questions
Q1) Keratinocytes synthesize vitamin C in the presence of sunlight.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Localized vasodilation is mainly induced by __________ released from mast cells in the area of tissue damage.
Q3) Poison ivy toxin does not harm the skin on contact,but it activates T cells specific for the toxin,including formation of a memory component.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Only a fraction of the genetic mutations that occur in the body involve loss of control over the cell's growth and multiplication.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the most common type of antigen?
A)viruses
B)foreign proteins
C)bacteria
D)parasites
E)cancer cells
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 14
Chapter 13: The Respiratory System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36734
Sample Questions
Q1) The diffusion constant for CO is ______ times that of O because CO is much more soluble in body tissues than O is.
Q2) About 30% of the CO combines with hemoglobin to form __________.
Q3) Beyond the larynx,the trachea divides into two main branches,the right and left bronchi.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How much oxygen does atmospheric air have?
A)15%
B)17%
C)19%
D)21%
E)25%
Q5) Hypercapnia is characterized by excess CO in the arterial blood.
A)True
B)False
Q6) As blood passes through the lungs,it picks up __________ and gives up CO by diffusion down partial pressure gradients between blood and __________.
Q7) Discuss the net diffusion of O and CO between the alveoli and tissues.
Page 15
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36735
Sample Questions
Q1) The basement membrane is a(n)__________ gelatinous layer composed of collagen and glycoproteins that is sandwiched between the __________ and Bowman's capsule.
Q2) How are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
A)primary passive transport
B)secondary passive transport
C)primary active transport
D)secondary active transport
E)simple diffusion
Q3) Sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule plays a pivotal role in reabsorbing glucose,amino acids,H O,chloride ions and urea.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What percentage of the blood each minute gets "cleaned" by the kidneys?
A)20-25%
B)15%
C)10-12%
D)8%
E)3-5%
Q5) Describe how hydrogen ion secretion impacts acid-base balance.
Page 16
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 15: Fluid and Acid Base Balance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36736
Sample Questions
Q1) Chronic or excessive vomiting leads to:
A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
E)pulmonary edema
Q2) Synovial fluid is an example of __________ fluid.
Q3) The body has four buffer systems: the H2CO3:HCO3-buffer system,the __________ buffer system,the hemoglobin buffer system,and the __________ buffer system.
Q4) What happens to ventilation during metabolic alkalosis?
A)no change
B)stops
C)hyperventilation
D)slightly increased
E)reduced
Q5) When the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output,a positive balance exists.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17
Chapter 16: The Digestive System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36737
Sample Questions
Q1) Located throughout the layers of the muscularis externa are pacemaker cells known as the ______.
Q2) The prominent type of self-induced electrical activity in digestive smooth muscle is fast-wave potentials.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Parietal cells secrete the hormone gastrin into the blood in response to protein products in the stomach lumen and in response to alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Based on structural and functional distinctions,how many sections does the stomach have?
A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5
E)6
Q5) The simple __________ reflex occurs when __________ and pressure receptors within the oral cavity respond to the presence of food.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 18
Chapter 17: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36738
Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the two categories of obesity.
Q2) What is the body's thermostat?
A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)thyroid
D)medulla
E)adrenals
Q3) What is the basic unit of heat energy?
A)joules
B)calorie
C)Tesla
D)Celsius
E)gram
Q4) The energy equivalent of O is:
A)4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O consumed
B)4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO expired
C)5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O consumed
D)5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO expired
E)6.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO expired
Q5) Discuss the causes,symptoms,and effects of hypothermia.
19
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 18: Principles of Endocrinology - the Central
Endocrine Glands
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36739
Sample Questions
Q1) A long bone consists of a fairly uniform cylindrical shaft,the epiphysis,with a flared articulating knob at either end,a diaphysis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Indoleamines are produced by the pineal gland and are derived from the amino acid tryptophan.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the bone cells that dissolve the bony tissue?
A)exocytes
B)chondrocytes
C)osteoblasts
D)endocytes
E)osteoclasts
Q4) Hyposecretion of growth hormone in an adult is one cause of dwarfism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The anterior pituitary consists of glandular epithelial tissue and accordingly is also called the __________.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 20
Chapter 19: The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36740
Sample Questions
Q1) What nutrient is the major energy source during the absorptive state?
A)B vitamins
B)electrolytes
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids
E)glucose
Q2) Adrenal DHEA is overpowered by testicular __________ in males,but is of physiologic significance in females.
Q3) Which number in the figure represents the lamellae?
A)1 B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5
Q4) Insulin excess can occur in a diabetic patient when too much insulin has been injected for the person's caloric intake and exercise level,resulting in __________.
Q5) Excess circulating glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 21
Chapter 20: The Reproductive Systembrad
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/36741
Sample Questions
Q1) A man is considered clinically infertile if his sperm concentration falls below:
A)400 million/mL of semen
B)165 million/mL of semen
C)100 million/mL of semen
D)60 million/mL of semen
E)20 million/mL of semen
Q2) After delivery,the uterus shrinks to its pregestational size,a process known as __________,which takes 4 to 6 __________ to complete.
Q3) Binding of the sperm head to ZP3 triggers the Ca2+-dependent __________ reaction.
Q4) Describe secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.
Q5) How long after implantation is the placenta well established and operational (albeit not fully developed)?
A)5 days
B)3 weeks
C)5 weeks
D)8 weeks
E)12 weeks
Q6) The testes are controlled by two __________hormones secreted by the__________.
Page 22
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.