Introduction to Physiology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Introduction to Physiology provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles and mechanisms that govern the normal functioning of the human body. The course explores the structure and function of major organ systems, including the nervous, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, renal, and endocrine systems. Students will learn how these systems interact to maintain homeostasis and respond to internal and external changes. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, the course emphasizes the integration of physiological concepts at the cellular, tissue, organ, and systemic levels, laying a strong foundation for advanced studies in health and biomedical sciences.
Recommended Textbook Vanders Human Physiology 12th Edition by Eric Widmaier
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19 Chapters
1736 Verified Questions
1736 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Homeostasis: a Framework for Human Physiology
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______________ is the regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that cell.
Answer: Autocrine
Q2) Some neurons in the vagus nerve terminate on sinoatrial (pacemaker)cells in the heart.These neurons secrete acetylcholine,which ultimately results in a decreased heart rate.This is an example of
A)Endocrine control
B)Exocrine control
C)Hormonal control
D)Neural control
E)None of the choices are correct
Answer: D
Q3) The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is essentially the same as that within the cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) The internal environment consists of the ________ fluid compartment of the body.
Answer: extracellular
3
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body
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78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Triacylglycerol is one subclass of lipid molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Polysaccharides are polymers of sugar molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The shape of a molecule may change as atoms rotate about their covalent bonds.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) An atomic nucleus is electrically neutral.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transfer RNA
A)Functions to transport mRNA out of the nucleus
B)Binds specifically to mRNA and nonspecifically to amino acids
C)Binds specifically to amino acids and nonspecifically to mRNA
D)Binds specifically to mRNA and to amino acids
E)None of the choices are correct
Answer: D
Q2) The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the A)Nucleus
B)Plasma membrane
C)Endoplasmic reticulum
D)Golgi apparatus
E)Mitochondria
Answer: E
Q3) Span entire membrane is descriptive of A)Integral membrane proteins
B)Peripheral membrane proteins
C)Both kinds of membrane proteins
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which form of membrane transport is being described? The passage of molecules into cells without passing through the plasma membrane's structural matrix.
A)Diffusion
B)Osmosis
C)Facilitated diffusion
D)Endocytosis
E)Apoptosis
Q2) Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions,which of the following statements is not true?
A)The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane
B)The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity
C)Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic
D)Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic
E)Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic
Q3) A portion of a cell's plasma membrane is removed during endocytosis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that causes the smooth muscle of the uterus to contract,but it has no effect on the smooth muscle cells of the small intestine.This difference in responsiveness exists because
A)Oxytocin is inactivated prior to reaching the smooth muscle cells of the intestine
B)Intestinal smooth muscle cells do not contain the proper second messenger system
C)Uterine smooth muscle cells contain specific receptors for oxytocin
D)Oxytocin is able to cross the plasma membrane of uterine cells but not intestinal cells
E)Oxytocin is not delivered by the circulatory system to intestinal cells
Q2) Cocaine lowers the levels of a chemical messenger in the brain called enkephalin.Researchers have found the number of enkephalin receptors to be higher in cocaine addicts than nonaddicted people.This is an example of
A)Saturation
B)Up regulation
C)Antagonism
D)Affinity
E)Down regulation
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Chapter 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the
Nervous System
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Are propagated without decrement describes
A)Graded potentials
B)Action potentials
C)Both graded potentials and action potentials
D)Neither graded potentials nor action potentials
Q2) Which of the following drugs would not enhance the activity of serotoninergic neurons?
A)A drug that increases the uptake of tryptophan into neurons
B)A drug that inhibits enzymes that break down serotonin
C)A drug that facilitates reuptake of serotonin by serotoninergic neurons
D)A drug that up-regulates serotonin receptors
Q3) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit,whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act independently.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A solution of water and ions is a (good/poor)conductor of electricity and thus offers (low/high)resistance to charge flow.These electrical properties are due to the ions in the solution,called ________.
Page 8
Q5) The most abundant cells in the CNS are __________ cells.
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Chapter 7: Sensory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When viewing a distant object,the
A)Firing of parasympathetic nerves to ciliary muscles increases
B)Zonular fibers relax
C)Lens flattens
D)Both firing of parasympathetic nerves to ciliary muscles increases and zonular fibers relax are correct
E)All of the choices are correct
Q2) Unlike information from the eyes,information from the ears bypasses the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect changes in the rate of angular motion of the head,while the same kinds of cells in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the head's rate of linear motion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Olfactory receptors are neurons.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dreaming occurs when one is in NREM sleep.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Regarding its role as a neurotransmitter in the CNS,norepinephrine
A)Is secreted by brain stem neurons in response to sensory stimulation
B)Amplifies weak sensory signals and dampens strong ones so that more information can reach conscious levels
C)Is important for maintaining directed attention
D)Both is secreted by brain stem neurons in response to sensory stimulation and is important for maintaining directed attention are correct
E)All of the choices are correct
Q3) A progressive decrease in an orienting response to a repeated stimulus is called adaptation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The right side of the brain is specialized for identifying visual patterns and three-dimensional objects.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Muscle
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fast myosin ATPase activity is typical of which type of skeletal-muscle fibers?
A)Type I
B)Type II
Q2) Smooth-muscle cells may contract in the absence of nervous stimulation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The electrical depolarization which spreads through the heart musculature and precedes contraction of atria and ventricles is dependent upon the rapid inward diffusion of which of the following ions?
A)Sodium
B)Calcium
C)Nitrate
D)Chloride
E)Potassium
Q4) A flexor muscle pulls on bone to decrease the angle at a joint,whereas an extensor pushes the bone to increase the angle.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Control of Body Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phenomenon in skeletal muscle known as muscle tone
A)Is related to the passive elasticity exhibited by the anatomical components of the whole muscle
B)Is related directly to a continuous low level of alpha motor neuron signaling
C)Is the lack of extensibility observed at any given moment in the tendons found at both the origin and insertion of the muscle
D)Both is related to the passive elasticity exhibited by the anatomical components of the whole muscle and is related directly to a continuous low level of alpha motor neuron signaling are correct
E)Both is related directly to a continuous low level of alpha motor neuron signaling and is the lack of extensibility observed at any given moment in the tendons found at both the origin and insertion of the muscle are correct
Q2) The motor neuron pool of a skeletal muscle comprises the innervation of all of the motor units of that muscle.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
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101 Verified Questions
101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hormone may be
A)Inactivated by its target cell
B)Activated by its target cell
C)Inactivated by nontarget cells
D)Excreted before it has a chance to act on a target cell
E)All of the choices are correct
Q2) All of the following effects would be attributed to parathyroid hormone,except
A)Increases the bone degrading activity of osteoclasts
B)Increases the bone building activities of osetoblasts
C)Promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium
D)Produces urinary excretion of calcium
E)Decreases reabsorption of phosphate released as bone mineral salts are liberated from bones
Q3) The concentration of a hormone in the blood can affect the number of receptors for that hormone on or in a target cell.
A)True
B)False
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13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) During isovolumetric ventricular contraction,
A)Rapid filling of the ventricles occurs
B)No blood enters or leaves the ventricles
C)The maximum volume of blood is ejected
D)Ventricular pressure is at a maximum
E)None of these things would occur
Q2) Which of the following does not describe erythrocytes? They
A)Contain myoglobin
B)Have a high surface-to-volume ratio
C)Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
D)Are red
E)Have no nucleus
Q3) Strong vasoconstriction of arterioles leading to a capillary bed will probably result in loss of plasma by filtration in the capillary bed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The QRS wave of the ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atria.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Respiratory Physiology
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91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During heavy exercise,all of the following increase except
A)Minute ventilation
B)Arterial \(\mathrm { P } _ { \mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } }\)
C)Oxygen delivery to muscles
D)Oxygen extraction by muscles
E)Body heat production
Q2) The primary regulator of the magnitude of ventilation under normal circumstances is
A)The H<sup>+</sup> concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B)The \(P _ { o _ { 2 } }\) of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
C)The \(P _ { o _ { 2 } }\) of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
D)The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
Q3) Most of the O2 carried in the blood is dissolved in plasma.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tubular reabsorption of
A)Glucose is active
B)Glucose is saturable
C)Urea would not occur if water were not being reabsorbed simultaneously
D)Both glucose is active and glucose is saturable are correct
E)All of the choices are correct
Q2) Increasing the GFR will increase the excretion rate of sodium.
A)True B)False
Q3) The loss of 0.5 L of sweat would stimulate a greater increase in vasopressin secretion than the loss of an equal amount of blood plasma over the same period of time.This statement is
A)True because sweat is hyperosmotic to plasma
B)True because sweat is hypoosmotic to plasma
C)False because sweat is hypoosmotic to plasma
D)False because sweat is isosmotic to plasma
E)False because sweat is hyperosmotic to plasma
Q4) The kidneys regulate the plasma concentrations of water,sodium,and glucose.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 15: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contraction of the circular smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract wall decreases the diameter of the lumen,while contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle shortens the tract.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The liver and pancreas are components of the gastrointestinal tract.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hydrochloric acid
A)Secretion in the stomach is accompanied by bicarbonate secretion into the blood
B)In the stomach activates trypsinogen
C)Secretion in the stomach is stimulated by the smell of food
D)Both secretion in the stomach is accompanied by bicarbonate secretion into the blood and in the stomach activates trypsinogen are correct
E)Both secretion in the stomach is accompanied by bicarbonate secretion into the blood and secretion in the stomach is stimulated by the smell of food are correct
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major energy sources for non-nervous tissue during the postabsorptive period are fatty acids and ketones.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which event occurs during exercise but not during fasting?
A)Increased breakdown of triacylglycerols
B)Increased glycogenolysis
C)Increased glucose uptake by muscle
D)Increased fatty acid oxidation
E)Increased cortisol secretion
Q3) Both IDDM and NIDDM subjects will experience increased appetite because
A)The brain needs insulin and functional insulin receptors to utilize glucose
B)High levels of glucose in plasma stimulate appetite
C)Specific appetite/satiety centers in the hypothalamus are not able to obtain enough glucose
D)Of all of these things
E)Of none of these things
Q4) Anorexia nervosa is excessive thinness usually caused by hyperthyroidism.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Reproduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The products of the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis are spermatids.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Meiosis
A)Differs from mitosis in that in meiosis cell division occurs without chromosome replication
B)Differs from mitosis in that in meiosis two cell divisions follow one chromosomal replication
C)Allows for mixing of paternal and maternal genes on homologous chromosomes
D)Both differs from mitosis in that in meiosis cell division occurs without chromosome replication and allows for mixing of paternal and maternal genes on homologous chromosomes are correct
E)Both differs from mitosis in that in meiosis two cell divisions follow one chromosomal replication and allows for mixing of paternal and maternal genes on homologous chromosomes are correct
Q3) Meiosis results in germ cells with 23 maternal chromosomes in one daughter cell and 23 paternal chromosomes in the other.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) AIDS is
A)Caused by a retrovirus
B)Caused by a virus that contains RNA
C)Transmitted by intimate contact with infected blood, sexual intercourse with an infected partner, or by an infected mother to her fetus or breast-fed infant
D)Both caused by a retrovirus and transmitted by intimate contact with infected blood, sexual intercourse with an infected partner, or by an infected mother to her fetus or breast-fed infant are correct
E)All of the choices are correct
Q2) Cyclosporin may be useful for treating autoimmune disorders.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A consequence of inflammation is increased capillary filtration and edema,which causes swelling and pain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Bone marrow and thymus are the primary sites of lymphocyte maturation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases
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Sample Questions
Q1) Increased levels of lactate in the blood indicate
A)Cells are creating ATP so rapidly that acidosis is a result
B)Rapid excretion of hydrogen ions in the urine
C)Cells are relying more on anaerobic ATP synthesis
D)The arterial pO<sub>2</sub> and oxygen delivery to tissue cells is more than adequate for the metabolic needs
E)Respiratory alkalosis
Q2) An alteration in either the structure or function of the human body leading away from a state of normal healthy function is called disease.More specifically the study of the changes in function associated with disease is known as
A)Homeopathy
B)Protoptosis
C)Pathophysiology
D)Necropsy
E)Autopsy
Q3) Chest pain and shortness of breath is rarely,if ever,indicative of any other physiological disorder other than myocardial infarction.
A)True
B)False
Page 21
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