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Introduction to Physics provides a foundational understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles that govern the physical universe. Topics covered include motion, forces, energy, waves, electricity, magnetism, and the basics of modern physics.
Through a combination of theoretical lessons and practical experiments, students will develop problem-solving skills and learn how to apply physics principles to real-world situations, preparing them for advanced study in science and engineering fields.
Recommended Textbook
Conceptual Physics 12th Edition by Paul G. Hewitt
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Q1) Pseudoscience is best characterized as being A)new age.
B)an alternate view to be taken seriously. C)fake.
D)all of the above
Answer: C
Q2) When the Sun shines on the Moon, the Moon casts a shadow
A)at all times.
B)that is tapered.
C)that sometimes falls on Earth.
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) The safest way to view an image of the Sun is to use A)a telescope.
B)binoculars.
C)a pinhole.
D)colored sunglasses.
Answer: C
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Q1) A sheet of paper can be quickly jerked beneath a container of milk without toppling, which best demonstrates A)net force.
B)the difference between force and mass.
C)inertia.
Answer: C
Q2) The first scientist to introduce the concept of inertia was A)Aristotle.
B)Galileo.
C)Newton.
D)Copernicus.
Answer: B
Q3) Galileo's use of inclined planes allowed him to effectively
A)slow down the ball's changes in speed.
B)reduce the time of the ball's changes in speed.
C)eliminate all changes in speed.
D)eliminate friction.
Answer: A
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Q1) An apple falls from a tree and hits the ground 5 meters below with a speed of about A)5 m/s.
B)10 m/s.
C)15 m/s.
D)20 m/s.
E)not enough information
Answer: B
Q2) An airplane that flies at 100 km/h in a 100-km/h crosswind has a ground speed of A)0 km/h.
B)100 km/h.
C)141 km/h.
D)200 km/h.
Answer: C
Q3) The accelerations possible for a ball on an inclined plane
A)range from zero to g.
B)range from g to infinity.
C)have no limit.
Answer: A
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Q1) A heavy ball hangs by a string, with a second string attached to its bottom. A slow pull on the bottom string breaks the A)top string.
B)bottom string.
C)top or bottom string equally.
Q2) A mobile phone is pulled northward by a force of 10 N and at the same time pulled southward by another force of 15 N. The resultant force on the phone is
A)0 N.
B)5 N.
C)25 N.
D)150 N.
Q3) A 1000-kg automobile enters a freeway on-ramp at 20 m/s and accelerates uniformly up to 40 m/s in a time of 10 seconds. How far does the automobile travel during that time?
A)100 m
B)200 m
C)300 m
D)400 m
E)none of the above
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Q1) As the sloped surface supporting a shoe becomes steeper
A)the shoe's weight mg remains unchanged.
B)the normal force becomes less.
C)friction needed to keep it at rest increases.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) Nellie tosses a ball upward at an angle. Neglecting air resistance, the horizontal component of the initial velocity
A)decreases with time.
B)remains constant.
C)increases with time.
Q3) Nellie tosses a ball upward at an angle. Neglecting air resistance, the vertical component of the initial velocity
A)decreases with time to reach the top.
B)remains constant.
C)increases with time to reach the top.
Q4) You cannot exert a force on a wall
A)if the wall resists.
B)unless you put your mind to it.
C)unless the wall simultaneously exerts the same amount of force on you.
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Q1) As Bronco Brown steps off a hovering high-flying helicopter and falls through the air, he experiences
A)an impulse.
B)an increasing speed.
C)a decreasing acceleration.
D)all of the above
Q2) The change in momentum that occurs when a 1.0 kg ball traveling at 4.0 m/s strikes a wall and bounces back at 2.0 m/s is
A)2 kg m/s.
B)4 kg m/s.
C)6 kg m/s.
D)8 kg m/s.
Q3) When a boxer moves into an oncoming punch, the force experienced is A)decreased.
B)increased.
C)no different, but the timing is different.
D)all of the above
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Q1) Acrobat Bart at the circus drops vertically onto the end of a see-saw, with his partner
Art equidistant from the fulcrum at the other end. Art is propelled straight upward a distance twice that of Bart's dropping distance. Neglecting inefficiencies we see
A)the masses of Art and Bart are equal.
B)Art has half the mass of Bart.
C)need more information
Q2) Which has greater kinetic energy?
A)a car traveling at 30 km/hr
B)a car of half the mass traveling at 60 km/hr
C)both the same
D)need more information
Q3) The amount of work done on a heavy box carried by Nellie across a room at a constant speed
A)depends on the weight of the box.
B)depends on the distance walked.
C)depends on both weight of the box and distance walked.
D)is none.
E)none of the above
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Q1) A ball gains speed while rolling down a hill due mainly to A)its rotational inertia.
B)its angular acceleration.
C)a balanced torque.
D)an unbalanced torque.
Q2) Which of these has its center of mass where no mass exists?
A)baseball
B)golf ball
C)basketball
D)none of the above
Q3) A solitary boy cannot balance on a seesaw with its fulcrum at its midpoint. If the fulcrum is moved to one-quarter the distance from the boy, balance is achieved when the weight of the boy is
A)less than the weight of the seesaw.
B)equal to the weight of the seesaw.
C)more than the weight of the seesaw.
D)need more information
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Q1) If you jounce up and down on a bathroom scale, what varies on the scale reading is A)mg.
B)the normal force.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q2) Suppose the Moon had twice the diameter but the same mass and same orbital distance from Earth. In that case, the high tides on Earth would be
A)higher.
B)lower.
C)unequal in size.
D)practically the same.
E)none of the above
Q3) How far must one travel to escape Earth's gravitational field?
A)to a region above Earth's atmosphere
B)to a region well beyond the Moon
C)to a region beyond the solar system
D)forget it; you can't travel far enough.
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Q1) A lunar month is about 28 days. If the Moon were farther from Earth than it is now, the lunar month would be
A)less than 28 days.
B)about 28 days.
C)more than 28 days.
D)need more information
Q2) The tangential velocity of an Earth satellite is its velocity
A)parallel to the surface of Earth.
B)perpendicular to the surface of Earth.
C)attributed to satellites moving in any direction.
Q3) As soon as a ball rolls off the edge of a table
A)it is not acted on by any forces.
B)it is not acted on by any horizontal forces.
C)has a zero net force acting on it.
D)none of the above
Q4) Escape speed from Mars is
A)about the same as from Earth.
B)greater than from Earth.
C)less than from Earth.
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Q1) Compared to the average size of a hydrogen atom, the average size of a helium atom is
A)larger.
B)smaller.
C)about the same.
Q2) A uranium atom is 238 times as massive as a hydrogen atom. Compared with the diameter of a hydrogen atom, uranium's size is
A)slightly smaller.
B)only slightly larger.
C)is much larger, but less than 238 times as large.
Q3) A granite block is mostly empty space because the atoms in the granite are A)in perpetual motion.
B)mostly empty space themselves.
C)held together by electrical forces.
D)not as close together as they could be.
E)invisible.
Q4) The chemical properties of matter are due mostly to their A)protons.
B)electrons.
C)neutrons.

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Q1) Compared to a 50-kg person, a 100-kg person at the beach requires A)twice as much suntan lotion.
B)the same amount of suntan lotion.
C)less than twice as much suntan lotion.
Q2) Support a horizontal toothpick at both ends. Then do likewise for a log of the same kind of wood. There is more sag in the A)toothpick.
B)log.
C)same in each
Q3) A solid glass ball weighs 1 N. One with twice the diameter weighs
A)1 N.
B)2 N.
C)3 N.
D)4 N.
E)more than 4 N.
Q4) A catenary in nature is evident in A)eggs.
B)a necklace drooping between your fingers.
C)the domes of some modern buildings.
D)all of the above

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Q1) The pressure in a liquid depends on liquid A)density.
B)depth.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q2) The attraction between like substances, stickiness, is called A)adhesion.
B)cohesion.
C)depends on the substances.
Q3) When a load of wood is thrown overboard from a boat in a swimming pool, the pool level
A)rises.
B)falls.
C)remains unchanged.
Q4) In a hydraulic-press operation, it is impossible for the A)output displacement to exceed the input displacement.
B)force output to exceed the force input.
C)energy output to exceed the energy input.
D)output piston's speed to exceed the input piston's speed.
E)none of the above

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Q1) Inside the same room, buoyant force is greater on A)a helium-filled party balloon.
B)an elephant.
C)both the same
Q2) If one of the pair of Magdeburg hemispheres were fastened to a strong tree, the force needed by a single party to pull them apart would be
A)half as much.
B)the same.
C)twice as much.
D)none of the above
Q3) An empty jar is pushed open-side downward into water so that trapped air cannot escape. As it is pushed deeper, the buoyant force on the jar A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)increases, then decreases.
D)decreases, then increases.
E)remains the same.
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Q1) If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a nice hot bath would be a A)shorter experience.
B)longer experience.
C)same regardless of water's specific heat capacity.
Q2) The moderate temperatures of islands throughout the world has much to do with water's
A)good conductivity.
B)vast supply of internal energy.
C)high specific heat capacity.
D)high evaporation rate.
E)absorption of solar energy.
Q3) When most substances are heated, molecules inside move faster and take up more space, resulting in thermal
A)bending.
B)expansion.
C)contraction.
D)heat.
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Q1) Glass in a florist's greenhouse acts as a one-way valve in that it
A)lets light energy flow only in one direction.
B)cuts off unwanted radiation.
C)allows high-frequency waves in and blocks low-frequency waves exiting.
D)is transparent only to lower-frequency waves.
Q2) To save energy while you leave your cool house for a half hour on a hot day, turn the temperature setting on the air conditioner A)down.
B)up.
C)off altogether.
D)to room temperature.
Q3) When you touch a nail stuck in ice, energy flows from A)the ice to your hand.
B)your hand to the ice.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q4) If a volume of air is warmed, it expands and tends to A)warm.
B)cool.
C)neither of these

18
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Q1) When you walk barefoot on red-hot wooden coals it is best if
A)no pieces of metal are among the coals.
B)you walk slowly to demonstrate your courage.
C)you impress your friends by carrying away bits of wood between your toes.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) A heat pump can
A)cool an environment.
B)warm an environment.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q3) Ice is put in a cooler to cool the contents. To speed up the cooling process, the ice can be
A)wrapped in newspaper.
B)drained of water periodically.
C)kept away from the food.
D)broken into smaller pieces.
E)none of the above
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Q1) The origin of most internal energy in Earth's interior is A)the Sun.
B)radioactivity.
C)volcanoes.
D)none of the above
Q2) A definite method for losing weight is A)exercise.
B)reduce Calorie intake.
C)maintain a low body temperature.
D)none of the above
Q3) Entropy is a measure of A)messiness.
B)disorder.
C)both of the above
D)none of the above
Q4) Which of these units of temperature is larger?
A)a Celsius degree
B)a Kelvin
C)both are the same size
D)none of the above
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Q1) Wave interference occurs for A)sound waves.
B)light waves.
C)water waves.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) A jet traveling at 1500 km/h passes overhead. The sonic boom produced is heard by A)a listener on the ground.
B)the jet pilot.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q3) To say that one wave is out of phase with another is to say that the waves are A)of different amplitudes.
B)of different frequencies.
C)of different wavelengths.
D)out of step.
E)all of the above
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Q1) How long a tuning fork vibrates when its handle is held against a table is most related to
A)its frequency.
B)resonance.
C)the conservation of energy.
D)the length of its prongs.
Q2) An explosion occurs 34 km away. The time it takes for its sound to reach your ears, traveling at 340 m/s, is
A)0.1 s.
B)1 s.
C)10 s.
D)20 s.
E)more than 20 s.
Q3) When sound waves superimpose they can interfere
A)constructively.
B)destructively.
C)either of these
D)neither of these
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Q1) The strings in musical instruments that have greater mass tend to produce notes of A)higher frequency.
B)lower frequency.
C)the same frequency.
D)none of the above
Q2) The pitch of a musical sound is most related to A)wavelength.
B)frequency.
C)speed.
D)amplitude.
E)all of the above
Q3) As we grow older, the greatest hearing difficulty is with frequencies that are A)low.
B)mid-range.
C)high.
Q4) As we become older, the frequency range of human hearing A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)remains relatively constant.
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Q1) Charge carriers in a metal are electrons rather than protons because electrons are A)negative.
B)smaller.
C)loosely bound.
D)none of the above
Q2) Electrons can be transferred from one place to another by the process of A)friction.
B)contact, which means touching.
C)induction, which means non-touching.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q3) The vast numbers of electrons in a coin don't fly off the surface because A)mutual repulsion is incomplete.
B)they are attracted by an equal number of protons.
C)they are strongly bonded to their atoms.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
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Q1) The energy dissipated in a light bulb in a circuit is provided by the A)lamp filament itself.
B)wires leading to the lamp.
C)voltage source.
D)none of the above
Q2) A coulomb of charge flowing in a bulb filament powered by a 6-volt battery is provided with A)6 ohms.
B)6 amperes.
C)6 joules.
D)6 watts.
E)6 newtons.
Q3) Three resistors take the shape of a triangle, one resistor in each leg. Resistance in one leg is 4 ohms, 6 ohms in a second leg, and a third leg 10 ohms. Connecting an ohm-meter across the 10-ohm resistor will show the equivalent resistance to be A)1.4 ohms.
B)5 ohms.
C)6.7 ohms.
D)greater than 6.7 ohms.
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Q1) Magnetic field strength about a magnet is strongest where magnetic field lines are
A)closer together.
B)straightest.
C)most curved.
D)more spread.
Q2) A compass needle in a magnetic field
A)experiences a torque.
B)experiences a pair of torques.
C)may experience a pair of torques.
Q3) Into which stable force field can a proton be placed at rest without being acted upon by a force?
A)magnetic field
B)electric field
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q4) The lift experienced by Maglev trains is due to magnetic
A)attraction.
B)repulsion.
C)dipoles.
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Q1) The voltage induced in self-inductions is
A)always in a direction opposing the changing voltage that produced it.
B)likely higher than the changing voltage that causes it.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q2) High-voltage wires in power lines are not high-current wires because the current in them is
A)not the same as the current that powers the distant load.
B)proportional to the voltage drop from beginning to end of each line, rather low.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q3) To reduce the danger of self-induction
A)simply pull the circuit plug.
B)turn off the switch to the circuit.
C)either of these
D)neither of these
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Q1) Your friend says that any radio wave travels appreciably faster than any sound wave.
A)agree with your friend unconditionally
B)agree with your friend for most common cases
C)disagree with your friend
D)find a new friend
Q2) Compared to ultraviolet waves, the wavelength of infrared waves is
A)shorter.
B)the same.
C)longer.
Q3) A total shadow is called
A)an umbra, and a partial shadow a penumbra.
B)a penumbra, and a partial shadow an umbra.
C)neither of these
Q4) What is the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave that has a frequency of 3 kilohertz?
A)less than 1 km
B)1 km
C)more than 1 km
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Q1) If the atmosphere were about 40 times thicker, the Sun at noon would appear
A)red-orange.
B)orange-green.
C)green-blue.
D)blue-violet.
Q2) When the frequency of light matches the natural frequency of molecules in a material, light is
A)absorbed.
B)transmitted.
C)reflected.
D)none of the above
Q3) What color is fully transmitted in common window glass?
A)red
B)yellow
C)green
D)blue
E)all of the above
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Q1) Which is a useful property of a prism?
A)internally reflects 100% of incident light
B)changes directions of light in a variety of ways
C)re-inverts images
D)all the above
E)none of the above
Q2) In which material does light travel fastest?
A)glass
B)water
C)plastic
D)air
E)same for all
Q3) The amount of light reflected from the front surface of a common windowpane is about
A)4%.
B)8%.
C)40%.
D)92%.
E)96%.
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Q1) The device that spreads light into its component colors in a spectroscope is a A)prism.
B)diffraction grating.
C)either of these D)neither of these
Q2) A razor blade nicely shows diffraction fringes when illuminated with A)ultraviolet light.
B)monochromatic light. C)sunlight.
D)all of the above E)none of the above
Q3) Iridescent colors in the pearly luster of an abalone shell are due to A)refraction. B)diffraction. C)dispersion. D)polarization. E)interference.
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Q1) The absorption of an infrared photon that excites an atom to emit a green photon
A)occurs in plants.
B)occurs in the process of phosphorescence.
C)would violate the law of energy conservation.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) Fluorescent minerals on display in museums are illuminated with A)infrared light.
B)ultraviolet light.
C)often either or both
D)none of these
Q3) Light from a lit match originates with accelerating A)electrons.
B)protons.
C)neutrons.
D)all of the above
Q4) If the energy levels in the neon atom were not discrete, neon signs would glow A)red.
B)white. C)blue.

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Q1) By casually glancing at a scene on your TV you are A)affecting the image.
B)participating in the action on the screen.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q2) A photosensitive surface is illuminated with both blue and violet light. The light that causes the greater number of ejected electrons is
A)blue light.
B)violet light.
C)both eject equal numbers.
D)need more information
Q3) According to your textbook, popular confusion is lessened when applying Heisenberg's uncertainty principle by heeding the distinction between A)momentum and energy.
B)energy and time.
C)passive observation and probing.
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Q1) Millikan was able to stop falling oil droplets in their paths by
A)opposing electric and gravitational forces.
B)magnetic repulsion.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q2) A problem with the Bohr model of the atom is that electrons circling the nucleus
A)accelerate and should continuously emit radiation.
B)lose energy and should spiral into the nucleus.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q3) Credit for research in our knowledge of atomic spectra includes
A)Johann Jacob Balmer.
B)Johannes Rydberg.
C)Walter Ritz.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q4) Physicists today consider the Bohr model of the atom to be
A)an accurate picture of a hydrogen atom.
B)totally useless - of historical interest only.
C)oversimplified, but nevertheless useful.
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Q1) The half-life of a radioactive substance is affected by A)pressure.
B)temperature. C)age.
D)all of the above E)none of the above
Q2) The half-life of carbon 14 is 5730 years. If a 1-gram sample of old carbon is 1/8 as radioactive as 1-gram of a current sample, then the age of the old sample is about A)716 years.
B)11,500 years.
C)17,200 years.
D)22,900 years.
E)46,000 years.
Q3) The mass of an atomic nucleon is nearly A)twice that of an electron.
B)four times that of an electron.
C)a thousand times that of an electron.
D)two thousand times that of an electron.
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Q1) Fissioning carbon would occur with A)absorption of energy.
B)release of energy.
C)neither of these
Q2) When a nucleus of U-238 absorbs a neutron and becomes U-239, a beta emission, then another beta emission results in
A)Th-239.
B)Pa-239.
C)U-235.
D)Pu-239.
E)Pb-206.
Q3) A nucleon has more mass on average when it is A)inside the nucleus.
B)removed from the nucleus.
C)both the same
Q4) Which will leak more neutrons?
A)two separate lumps of uranium.
B)the same two lumps stuck together.
C)both the same
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Q1) According to the special theory of relativity, all laws of nature are the same
A)in all reference frames.
B)for both linear or circular motion.
C)in all uniformly moving reference frames.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) When a moving spaceship emits regularly-spaced flashes of light, how frequently you see the flashes depends on the ship
A)approaching you.
B)receding from you.
C)either of these
D)none of these
Q3) Compared to clocks in a stationary reference frame, clocks in a moving reference frame run
A)slower.
B)faster.
C)at the same rate.
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Q1) If the Sun collapsed to a black hole, Earth would A)be sucked into the black hole.
B)follow a straight-line path into space.
C)continue in its present orbit.
Q2) In accord with general relativity, a person living at the top of a skyscraper ages A)faster than a person on the ground floor.
B)slower than a person on the ground floor.
C)at the same rate as a person on any floor.
Q3) The shortest distance between two points on a curved surface is a A)straight line.
B)geodesic.
C)neither of these
Q4) Inside an accelerating spaceship in deep space, a sideways-tossed ball will A)curve as it would in a gravitational field equal to the spaceship's acceleration.
B)follow a straight-line path from one side of the interior to the other.
C)fall in a semi-circular path.
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Q1) A small railroad car is pulled by a rope as shown in the sketch (top view). The force F that the rope exerts on the car has a component along the track and another component perpendicular to the track. Judging from the diagram, the larger of these two components would be A)along the track.
B)perpendicular to the track. These components will be equal if C)the rope makes an angle of 45° with the track.
D)the rope is pulled in a direction along the track, rather than at an angle to it.
E)they form an action-reaction pair on the car.
F)but they can never really be equal.
Q2) The electrons that make up the current in an electric circuit move by
A)interacting with the electric field established in the circuit.
B)bumping into one another in such as way as to send pulses over long distances. The drift speed of individual electrons making up the current is C)very low, about a snail's pace.
D)about the speed of sound.
E)about the speed of light.
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