Introduction to Physical Science Exam Preparation Guide
Course
Introduction
Introduction to Physical Science offers a comprehensive overview of fundamental scientific principles and concepts that govern the physical world. Covering topics from physics, chemistry, astronomy, and earth sciences, this course emphasizes the scientific method and critical thinking skills essential for understanding natural phenomena. Students will explore the structure and properties of matter, forces and motion, energy transformations, and the nature of the universe, gaining a solid foundation for further study in the sciences. Through hands-on experiments and real-world applications, learners will develop the ability to analyze scientific problems and appreciate the impact of science in everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Conceptual Physical Science 6th Edition by Paul G. Hewitt
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29 Chapters
3995 Verified Questions
3995 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you toss a ball straight upward at 40 m/s with no air resistance,one second after it reaches the top of its path its speed is A)zero.
B)10 m/s.
C)20 m/s.
D)30 m/s
E)40 m/s.
Answer: B
Q2) If Burl carried Paul piggy-back while standing in the middle of a scaffold,the tensions in the two supporting ropes would A)cancel to zero.
B)be equal.
C)be unequal.
D)more easily support Burl and Paul.
Answer: B
Q3) Give three examples of the equilibrium rule that are not cited in the textbook.
Answer: Open ended.Whatever the objects listed,they must be in a non-accelerated state (no changes in their states of motion).Examples are ________,________,and
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Chapter 2: Newtons Laws of Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ball is thrown vertically into the air.Because of air resistance,its time coming down compared with its time going up is A)less.
B)the same.
C)more.
Answer: C
Q2) A given net force propels an object along a straight-line path.If the net force were doubled,its acceleration would A)quadruple.
B)double.
C)stay the same.
D)be half.
E)none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) If gravity between the Sun and Earth suddenly vanished,Earth would move in A)a curved path.
B)an outward spiral path.
C)an inward spiral path.
D)a straight-line path.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Momentum and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a monkey floating in outer space throws his hat away,the hat and the monkey will both move
A)away from each other,but at different speeds.
B)away from each other at the same speed.
C)a short distance and then slow down.
D)a short distance and then gain speed.
E)quickly to a stop.
Answer: A
Q2) No work is done by gravity on a bowling ball that rolls along a bowling alley because
A)no force acts on the ball.
B)no distance is covered by the ball.
C)the force on the ball is at right angles to its motion.
D)no potential energy converts to kinetic energy.
E)its kinetic energy may vary.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inside a freely-falling elevator your
A)acceleration is zero.
B)weight is zero.
C)gravitational interaction with Earth is zero.
D)all the above
E)none of the above
Q2) You can experience weight
A)standing on Earth's surface.
B)in an accelerating elevator away from Earth.
C)in a rotating habitat in space.
D)all of the above
Q3) The amount of gravitational force that acts on a space vehicle that orbits Earth is
A)nearly zero.
B)nearly as much as the vehicle's weight on Earth's surface.
C)the same as the vehicle's weight on Earth's surface.
Q4) An Earth satellite is simply a projectile
A)freely falling around Earth.
B)floating motionless in space near Earth.
C)approaching Earth from outer space.
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Chapter 5: Fluid Mechanics
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you lie on a bed of nails your back will encounter pressure due to contact with the nails.Nail pressure on your back will be less if the bed has
A)fewer nails.
B)more nails.
C)both of the above
D)none of the above
Q2) Wind blowing over the top of a hill
A)increases atmospheric pressure there.
B)decreases atmospheric pressure there.
C)has no affect on atmospheric pressure there.
Q3) What is the weight of water displaced by a 100-ton floating ship?
A)less than 100 tons
B)100 tons
C)more than 100 tons
D)100 cubic meters
E)depends on the density of water
Q4) Explain why ships of any weight are balanced on the Falkirk Wheel.
Q5) What is the approximate density of a fish,compared with the density of water? Defend your answer.
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Chapter 6: Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a metal ring with a gap in the shape of the letter C is cooled,the gap becomes A)wider.
B)narrower.
C)remains the same size.
Q2) Leaving a hot oven door open in a closed room on a cool day
A)decreases room temperature.
B)increases room temperature.
C)doesn't affect room temperature.
Q3) Water at 4°C will contract when it is slightly A)cooled.
B)warmed.
C)both of these
D)none of the above
Q4) During a very cold winter,water pipes sometimes burst because A)the ground contracts when colder,pulling pipes apart.
B)water expands when freezing.
C)water contracts when freezing.
D)the thawing process produces pressure on the pipes.
E)none of the above
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Chapter 7: Heat Transfer and Change of Phase
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why does a good emitter of heat radiation appear black at room temperature?
Q2) If you keep increasing the kinetic energy of atoms in a solid A)melting may occur.
B)freezing may occur.
C)evaporation may occur.
Q3) Melting snow tends to A)warm the surrounding air.
B)cool the surrounding air.
C)neither of these
Q4) In a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen,the slower molecules on average are A)hydrogen.
B)oxygen.
C)both the same
D)not enough information
Q5) When snow forms in clouds,the surrounding air is A)cooled.
B)warmed.
C)both of these D)none of the above
Q6) Distinguish between conduction and convection.Give examples of each.
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Chapter 8: Static and Current Electricity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two positively-charged plastic straws near each other tend to A)attract each other.
B)repel each other.
C)neutralize each other.
Q2) Which force binds atoms together to form molecules?
A)gravitational
B)nuclear
C)electric
D)centripetal
E)none of the above
Q3) When a steady voltage is across one-half as much resistance,the current A)is half.
B)remains the same.
C)is doubled.
D)is quadrupled.
Q4) The electric current in a copper wire is normally composed of A)electrons.
B)protons. C)ions.
D)all of the above
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Chapter 9: Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with the huge force that attracts an iron tack to a strong magnet,the force that the tack exerts on the magnet is
A)relatively small.
B)equally huge.
C)not enough information
Q2) A magnet will become weaker if it is
A)dropped on a hard surface.
B)held in a hot flame.
C)either
D)neither
Q3) An electron beam directed through a magnetic field
A)may be deflected.
B)may experience a force.
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q4) State and explain Faraday's law of induction.
Q5) The current produced by a common generator is A)dc.
B)ac.
C)neither of these
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Chapter 10: Waves and Sound
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Sample Questions
Q1) The compressions and rarefactions in a longitudinal wave travel in A)the same direction.
B)opposite directions.
C)neither of these
Q2) Suppose you sound a 1056-Hz tuning fork when you strike a note on the piano and hear 2 beats/second.You tighten the piano string very slightly and now hear 3 beats/second.What is the frequency of the piano string?
A)1053 Hz
B)1054 Hz
C)1056 Hz
D)1058 Hz
E)1059 Hz
Q3) Identical waves superimposed in phase produce a wave of increased A)amplitude.
B)frequency.
C)wavelength.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q4) What is an echo,and why is it weaker than the original sound?
Q5) What is resonance and the conditions for resonance? Give examples.
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Chapter 11: Light
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Sample Questions
Q1) Object and image for a plane mirror lie
A)along the same plane.
B)equal distances from the mirror.
C)at right angles to each other.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) A wave with a high frequency has a relatively
A)short wavelength.
B)long wavelength.
C)both of these
D)none of the above
Q3) According to the law of reflection,the incident ray,reflected ray,and normal between them
A)lie in the same plane.
B)may or may not lie in the same plane.
C)lie in planes that are perpendicular to one another.
Q4) On a TV screen,red,green,and blue spots of light produce a full spectrum of colors.What spots are activated to produce yellow? Red? Magenta? White?
Q5) Why does a swimmer under water see the color of seawater as greenish blue?
Q6) Explain why the sky is blue.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Atoms and the Periodic Table
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following might best explain the reason why electrons are restricted to certain energy levels in an atom?
A)They behave like restricted waves and are self-reinforcing.
B)They are travelling at very high speeds.
C)They are interacting with the light around the atom.
D)They are out of phase and self-destruct when outside of distinct energy regions.
E)They behave like chaotic waves of alternating frequency.
Q2) The mass number of an element is
A)the sum of the protons and the neutrons.
B)the sum of the electrons and the protons.
C)the sum of the electrons and the neutrons.
D)the sum of the isotopes.
E)the number of protons.
Q3) Which are older,the atoms in the body of an elderly person or those in the body of a baby?
A)A baby because this is surely a trick question.
B)An elderly person because they have been around much longer.
C)They are of the same age,which is appreciably older than the solar system.
D)It depends upon their diet.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radium-226 is a common isotope on Earth,but has a half-life of about 1600 years.Given that Earth is some 5 billions years old,why is there any radium at all?
A)Radium-226 is one of several self-transmutating isotopes of the elements of the periodic table and is able to replenish itself so that it is never depleted.
B)Radium-226 and Radium-218 undergo a series of transmutation reactions of alpha and beta decay to repeatedly become one another approximately every 1600 years.
C)Radium-226 is a "daughter" isotope and the result of the radioactive decay of uranium.
D)Radium-226 and Astatine-218 are converted back and forth via transmutation to one another at each of their respective half-life cycles.
Q2) Is it at all possible for a hydrogen nucleus to emit an alpha particle?
A)yes,because alpha particles are the simplest form of radiation
B)no,because it would require the nuclear fission of hydrogen,which is impossible
C)yes,but it does not occur very frequently
D)no,because it does not contain enough nucleons
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15
Chapter 14: Elements of Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Water and ethanol can be separated by heating the ethanol until it boils away from the water.What type of change is this?
A)a physical change
B)a chemical change
C)a molecular change
D)a decomposition
E)none of the above
Q2) What is the name of the following compound? NaF
A)sodium fluoride
B)natural fosfate
C)natrium fluoride
D)nitrogen afleck
E)sodium phosphide
Q3) What is found in between the particles of a gas?
A)air
B)nothing
C)elements
D)temperature
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16
Chapter 15: How Atoms Bond and Molecules Attract
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why does an atom with many valence electrons tend to gain electrons rather than lose any?
A)Atoms with many valence electrons tend to have relatively weak forces of attraction between the valence electrons and the nucleus.Therefore,the outer electrons are free to attract other electrons.
B)There is stability in numbers.Atoms with many valence electrons are always attracting new electrons.
C)The old adage that "he who has,gets" is also true in atomic structure.Atoms with many valence electrons can essentially overpower atoms with few valence electrons and attract additional electrons.
D)Atoms with many valence electrons tend to have relatively strong forces of attraction between the valence electrons and the nucleus.This makes it easy for them to gain additional electrons.
Q2) What is the name for the following polyatomic ion? PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-3</sup>
A)phosphate
B)phosphorus oxide
C)phosphinate
D)trioxo phosphoride
E)potassium
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Mixtures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a typical use for potable water?
A)irrigation
B)cooking in a pot
C)flushing a toilet
D)drinking
E)boiling
Q2) Hydrogen chloride,HCl,is a gas at room temperature.Would you expect this material to be very soluble or not very soluble in water?
A)HCl is very soluble in water by virtue of the dipole/dipole attractions occurring between the HCl and \(\mathrm { H } _ { 2 }\) O molecules.
B)It is not very soluble because it is a gas,and all gases have very low solubility in water at room temperature.
C)HCl is very soluble in water because it is such a small molecule,there is little electrical attraction to other HCl molecules.
D)It is not very soluble because as a gas with low density,it floats to the surface of the water and then into the surrounding atmosphere.
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18
Chapter 17: How Chemicals React
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Sample Questions
Q1) If it takes 20 beryllium atoms to equal the mass of two krypton atoms,what is the relative mass of beryllium compared to krypton?
A)1/10
B)1/20
C)40 times
D)100 times
E)10 times
Q2) What is the activation energy?
A)the minimum amount of energy to break the bonds in reactants
B)the amount of energy required to activate a phase change
C)the energy difference between the reactants and the products
D)the amount of energy required to separate reactants from the products
E)the hill
Q3) How does a catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
A)It lowers the activation energy.
B)It is neither created nor consumed in a reaction.
C)It has nothing to do with the rate of reaction.
D)It increases the energy difference between the reactants and products.
E)It raises the activation energy of the reactants,which makes the reaction proceed faster.
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Chapter 18: Two Classes of Chemical Reactions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aluminum metal undergoes the same basic corrosion process that iron does yet it does not decompose as rapidly.Why?
A)The aluminum oxide does not flake off like rust and acts as a protective layer.
B)Aluminum is harder to oxidize than iron.
C)Aluminum is harder to reduce than iron.
D)The aluminum oxide product undergoes a reduction to produce aluminum metal.
E)The aluminum is galvanized,which prevents oxidation.
Q2) A chemical equation for the combustion of propane,C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>,is shown below.Through this reaction is the carbon oxidized or reduced? \(\mathrm { C } _ { 3 }\) \(\mathrm { H } _ { 8 }\) + 5 \(\mathrm { O } _ { 2 }\) ? 3 \(\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }\) + 4 \(\mathrm
A)The carbon is oxidized.
B)The carbon is reduced.
C)Some of the carbons are oxidized while others are reduced.
D)The carbon is neither oxidized nor reduced.
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O
20
Chapter 19: Organic Compounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the above molecules contains a carbonyl group?
A)a
B)all but a
C)all but b
D)c
E)all but d
Q2) Suggest an explanation for why aspirin has a sour taste.
A)It is the acidic nature of aspirin that gives rise to its sour taste.
B)The sour flavor is added to help prevent overdosing.
C)Aspirin is made sour as a mandated child safety feature.
D)It is the basic nature of aspirin that gives rise to its sour taste.
Q3) Which of the following is the hallmark of a saturated hydrocarbon?
A)a hydrocarbon where carbon has only a single bond to two or more other carbons
B)a hydrocarbon that is completely dissolved in water
C)a hydrocarbon where carbon has multiple bonds to one or more other carbons
D)any molecule that is completely dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent
E)none of the above
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Chapter 20: Rocks and Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mauna Loa is a A)cinder cone.
B)shield volcano.
C)composite volcano.
D)none of these
Q2) Mica is not found in A)slate.
B)schist.
C)gneiss.
D)quartzite.
Q3) Minerals in volcanic rocks are usually smaller than minerals in plutonic rock.Why is this?
Q4) Similar to the crystallization of silicate minerals,the crystallization of evaporite minerals occurs in a step-by-step process.The evaporite minerals that are the most difficult to dissolve
A)precipitate last.
B)precipitate first followed by the minerals that dissolve more easily.
C)have the lowest solubility and are the last to precipitate.
D)have the highest solubility and are the first to precipitate.
Q5) What does partial melting have to do with silica content of a magma?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Plate Tectonics and Earths Interior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A fault in which the footwall has moved down relative to the hanging wall is called a A)normal fault.
B)reverse fault.
C)transform fault.
D)horizontal fault.
Q2) In the 1950s a plot of the position of the magnetic north pole through time revealed that
A)either the magnetic poles had migrated through time or the continents had moved.
B)polar magnetization varied from pole to pole.
C)over the past 500 million years the geographic poles changed position at least once or twice.
D)all of the above.
Q3) The stress that occurs when material is pulled apart is called A)compressional stress.
B)tensional stress.
C)shear stress.
D)simple stress.
Q4) Why are most earthquakes generated near plate boundaries?
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23
Chapter 22: Shaping Earths Surface
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stalactites form from
A)a cave ceiling downward.
B)a cave floor upward.
C)calcium-rich water dripping down from the cave ceiling.
D)the accumulation of calcium-rich water dripping on the cave floor.
Q2) The natural circulation of water-from ocean to air to ground to ocean and then back to the atmosphere-is called the A)circle of life.
B)hydrologic cycle.
C)carbon cycle.
D)rock cycle.
Q3) The dominant influence on the length of time a well will produce water is A)hydraulic conductivity.
B)water supply and demand.
C)hydraulic gradient.
D)aquifer porosity.
Q4) An aquifer is a reservoir of water beneath the ground surface.Describe five physical zones in an aquifer.(Hint: Consider in-flow and out-flow.)
Q5) How do glaciers affect underlying rock?
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Chapter 23: Geologic Time - Reading the Rock Record
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Sample Questions
Q1) Possible ways that sea level could lower include a decrease in A)worldwide temperatures and an increase in the rate of seafloor spreading.
B)worldwide temperatures and a decrease in the rate of seafloor spreading.
C)tectonic activity and an increase in worldwide temperatures.
D)the rate of seafloor spreading and an increase in worldwide temperatures.
Q2) The break-up of Pangaea had worldwide consequences with the exception of A)the lowering of sea level.
B)a rise in sea level.
C)the divergence and evolution of new species.
D)climate change.
Q3) The Cenozoic Era is known as the A)age of the mammals.
B)age of man.
C)age of the reptile.
D)ice age.
Q4) A surface of erosion between rocks that represents a gap in Earth history is A)called a dike.
B)an unconformity.
C)a faunal conformity.
D)none of the above
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Chapter 24: The Oceans, Atmosphere, and Climatic Effects
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Sample Questions
Q1) Large icebergs in the Arctic and Antarctic form as
A)frozen seawater thickens.
B)sea ice forms next to continental land.
C)glaciers calve into the sea.
D)alpine glaciers melt in Arctic and Antarctic waters.
Q2) Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels have reached 400 ppm and global warming is no longer a question-it is a fact.Explain three consequences of this trend in climate change?
Q3) Going from most significant to least significant,the atmospheric gases contributing to the greenhouse effect include
A)carbon dioxide and water vapor.
B)carbon dioxide,water vapor,methane,nitrous oxides,and CFCs.
C)water vapor and carbon dioxide.
D)water vapor,CFCs,carbon dioxide,and ozone.
Q4) Earth's lower atmosphere is warm because of A)incoming solar radiation.
B)terrestrial radiation.
C)cloud cover.
D)outgoing short-wave radiation.
Q5) In which atmospheric layer does all our weather occur?
Page 26
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Chapter 25: Driving Forces of Weather
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heavy snow showers and low temperatures in Buffalo,New York are most likely caused by a
A)continental tropical air mass.
B)continental polar air mass.
C)maritime tropical air mass.
D)maritime polar air mass.
Q2) As rising air cools,
A)water vapor content decreases.
B)relative humidity decreases.
C)the moist adiabatic lapse rate increases.
D)relative humidity increases.
Q3) When warm air is above cooler air it is called A)stable.
B)unstable.
C)a temperature inversion.
D)a Chinook.
Q4) What happens to water-vapor molecules at the lifting condensation level?
Q5) Fair weather can usually be expected with the approach of a A)low pressure system. B)high pressure system.
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Chapter 26: The Solar System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What aspect of Titan may hold clues as to what Earth was like before life arose here?
A)its intense volcanic activity
B)its expansive liquid oceans
C)the rate of radioactive decay of its inner core
D)an intriguing soup of organic molecules
Q2) Distinguish between a star and a planet.Which glows,or do they both glow?
Q3) Asteroids orbit the
A)Sun.
B)Earth.
C)Moon.
D)all of these
E)none of these
Q4) If one had the opportunity to walk on Triton,Neptune's largest moon,what would you observe the geysers to be spewing?
A)liquid nitrogen
B)liquid hydrogen
C)liquid oxygen
D)liquid water
Q5) Distinguish between an asteroid,a meteoroid,and a comet.
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Chapter 27: Stars and Galaxies
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Sample Questions
Q1) The yearly motion of celestial objects in the sky is caused by
A)the rotation of our planet about its axis.
B)the revolution of our planet around the Sun.
C)the movement of our planet within the Milky Way.
D)the tilt of Earth's axis.
Q2) A black hole is
A)a region of space that is collapsed in on itself.
B)the result of the collapse of supergiant star.
C)likely found at the center of each spiral galaxy.
D)All of the above
Q3) The daily motion of celestial objects in the sky is caused by
A)the rotation of our planet about its axis.
B)the revolution of our planet around the Sun.
C)the movement of our planet within the Milky Way.
D)the tilt of Earth's axis.
Q4) The background stars during a solar eclipse are those of constellations
A)of the opposite season.
B)seen in the nighttime sky.
C)not seen normally.
D)seen in the opposite hemisphere.
Page 29
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Chapter 28: The Structure of Space and Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clocks on fast-moving spaceship shizzing past Earth appear to run slow when viewed from
A)inside the spaceship.
B)Earth.
C)Both of these.
D)Neither of these.
Q2) The theory of dark energy tells us that
A)empty space is seething with a form of energy.
B)there is a force that behaves like an anti-gravity.
C)there is still much to learn about this universe.
D)All of the above.
Q3) Spacetime is curved by A)mass.
B)the force of gravity.
C)quantum fluctuations.
D)the vacuum force.
Q4) A strong gravitational field
A)slows a clock.
B)speeds up a clock.
C)has no effect on the speed of a clock.
Page 30
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Chapter 29: Prologue: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) The synthesis of a large collection of information that contains well-tested and verified hypotheses about certain aspects of the world is known as a scientific A)fact.
B)hypothesis.
C)law or principle.
D)theory.
E)none of the above
Q2) Of the sciences known as physics,chemistry,and biology,the most basic is A)physics.
B)chemistry.
C)biology.
D)none in particular,as each may be considered fundamental.
Q3) The statement,"There are regions beneath the Earth's crust that will always be beyond the reach of scientific investigation," is A)a fact.
B)speculation.
C)a scientific statement.
D)a theory.
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