Introduction to Personality Psychology Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Personality Psychology explores the scientific study of personality, focusing on the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make individuals unique. This course introduces students to major theoretical perspectives, including trait theory, psychoanalysis, humanistic, cognitive, and biological approaches. Students will examine key concepts such as personality development, assessment techniques, and the influence of genetics and environment. Through research findings and application, the course provides an understanding of how personality shapes personal identity, relationships, and psychological well-being.
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Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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Q1) Which of the four components necessary for the study of personality is characterized by inventories, direct observations, and tests?
A) Research
B) Theory
C) Assessment
D) Application
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is correct about the relation between personality and culture?
A) Because personality is concerned with the person, personality psychologists are not interested in cultural differences.
B) Most studies to date find few if any significant cross-cultural differences in personality phenomena.
C) Personalities exist within a cultural context.
D) Individual differences in personality can be found only in individualistic cultures.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) The correlation coefficient is an appropriate statistic when we want to understand the relationship between two measures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is the correlation coefficient indicating the strongest relationship?
A) -.62
B) .00
C) .89
D) -.05
Answer: C
Q3) You are studying the immediate effects of alcohol on people's feelings of well-being. Which of the following could be the dependent variable in this study?
A) Score on a measure of well-being
B) Amount of alcohol consumed within one hour prior to test
C) Level of alcohol in the blood
D) Either b or c
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) A businesswoman is upset with her husband. She channels this anger into her work and increases her productivity dramatically. This is an example of A) sublimation.
B) displacement.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.
Answer: A
Q2) A woman is very upset with her mother, but her ego will not allow her to express her hostility openly. According to Freud, what might we expect this woman to do?
A) Explain to everyone how much she loves her mother.
B) Accidentally destroy one of her mother's favorite dishes.
C) Express her hostility toward her own children.
D) The woman might do any of the above.
Answer: D
Q3) One defense mechanism that is successful, productive, and adaptive is reaction formation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) If your friend the therapist agrees with Freud, she would say that the content of our dreams reveals
A) unacceptable ideas that are actually acceptable.
B) unconscious conflicts and desires.
C) anxieties with which we were born.
D) much useless information.
Q2) Write about a dream you have had and give an example of a psychoanalytic interpretation of it. Why do people dream, according to Freud? Summarize the research findings on dreams that challenge Freud's theory of dreaming.
Q3) According to sociocognitive theorists, participants in hypnosis demonstrations act the way they do because
A) the controlling influence of the ego is temporarily removed under hypnosis.
B) consciousness has been divided into accessible and nonaccessible pockets.
C) participants act the way they think they are supposed to act.
D) participants act on the pleasure principle.
Q4) State three specific predictions of Freud's theory about hostile humor. Summarize the evidence for a preference for hostile humor, the reduction of aggression with hostile humor, and the relationship between tension reduction and funniness.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Freud introduced the idea of "penis envy" to explain the personality development of young girls. By introducing the concept of "womb envy," Karen Horney was suggesting that
A) men are as dissatisfied with themselves as women.
B) men are conflicted as children over wanting a womb like mother has.
C) women are ultimately superior to men because they can bear children.
D) each gender has attributes that the other admires.
Q2) Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included
A) folklore, art, mythology, and psychosis.
B) data from laboratory experiments and case studies.
C) interpretation of Freud's central writings.
D) an in-depth examination of the concept of ego.
Q3) Karen Horney's view of personality was that it does not even exist in the absence of interpersonal relations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To analyze personal narratives, judges may count the number of times certain themes are mentioned.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) In general, avoidance coping strategies are more effective in helping people with a wide variety of stressors than active strategies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In contrast to the concerns of traditional psychoanalytic writers, most of the research on coping with anxiety conducted by researchers today
A) is concerned with what Freud called reality anxiety.
B) deals with unconscious efforts to reduce anxiety.
C) is limited to studying people with phobias.
D) is based on the writings of Carl Jung.
Q3) In one longitudinal study spanning over 20 years, 12 month-old infants with a secure attachment style
A) were no more secure in adult romantic relationships than avoidant infants.
B) had fewer close friends and many acquaintances.
C) were more socially competent in elementary school.
D) experienced one deep romance after another.
Q4) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) If we say Ted is high on the personality trait of assertiveness, we would expect that he will act assertively
A) all of the time.
B) more often than someone low in assertiveness.
C) in some situations that call for assertiveness, but not in others.
D) because he puts himself in situations that call for assertion.
Q2) Which approach to personality has relatively little to say about why people behave the way they do?
A) Trait
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Behavioral/social learning
D) Cognitive
Q3) People high on the __________ dimension are helpful and sympathetic to others.
A) agreeableness
B) openness
C) conscientiousness
D) psychoticism
Q4) The projective test that Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) The original researchers of achievement motivation were not interested in all kinds of achievement. They were specifically interested in
A) achievement in school.
B) entrepreneurial behavior.
C) individual differences in achievement behavior.
D) cultural difference in achievement concepts.
Q2) You are the manager of a little league team. Research indicates that you will help your players the most if you get them to attribute their errors to A) their lack of ability.
B) not putting enough effort into practice.
C) the difficulty of the game.
D) bad luck.
Q3) A psychologist asks you to look at some pictures and tell a story about the people in them. Which test are you probably taking?
A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B) Picture Description Test (PDT)
C) Rorschach test
D) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) In a review of research it was estimated that ________ children are seven times more likely to suffer from social anxiety disorder.
A) inhibited
B) impulsive
C) uninhibited
D) fearless
Q2) According to Eysenck's original model, which of the following is true about extraverts?
A) They generally have a high level of cortical arousal.
B) They have learned through early experiences to enjoy social events.
C) They generally have a low level of cortical arousal.
D) They are low in neuroticism.
Q3) According to temperament researchers, which statement is correct about inhibited children?
A) They will grow up to be shy adults.
B) They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty.
C) At least half of all American children can be identified as "inhibited."
D) They cannot be identified until about the age of five.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are, according to research, more likely to be
A) neurotics.
B) extraverts.
C) introverts
D) of no particular personality.
Q2) For both technological reasons and ethical reasons, it is not possible to manipulate people's genes and observe the kind of adult they become.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Extraverts are less likely than introverts to seek out tasks that will make them happy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Siblings' personalities may be similar because
A) children inherited personality traits from their parents.
B) siblings share the same living environments during childhood.
C) siblings are raised in the same way by parents.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) All of the following are among the eight components of the optimal experience except one. Which one?
A) One can concentrate only on the task at hand.
B) Satisfaction is received from a task.
C) The activity has clear goals.
D) Attention is absorbed by the activity.
Q2) Describe how Maslow went about studying psychologically healthy people. List each of the characteristics of the self-actualized individual he found and define what he meant by peak experience. List and define each of the five levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, giving your own example of a need at each level.
Q3) According to Maslow, which of the following is true about deficiency motives?
A) They affect behavior after most of the lower motives on the hierarchy of needs have been satisfied.
B) They result from the lack of a needed object.
C) They continue to grow even after the target object has been found.
D) They cannot be satisfied until the growth needs are satisfied.
Q4) The most common defense, according to Rogers, is the process of distortion. A)True B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following statements is not supported by research findings?
A) We disclose to other people only when we like them.
B) We tend to like the people we disclose to.
C) We tend to respond to intimate disclosure from new acquaintances with intimate disclosure about ourselves.
D) We tend to disclose to people we like.
Q2) Define preference for solitude and describe people at either end of this individual difference dimension. Give the humanistic approach's explanation for why some people desire solitude.
Q3) Compared to two people just getting to know one another, two good friends
A) disclose relatively little to one another.
B) are more likely to reciprocate their partner's level of intimacy during a conversation.
C) are less likely to reciprocate their partner's level of intimacy during a conversation.
D) typically limit their conversations to intimate topics.
Q4) "Inner peace" has been shown in research to be a positive aspect of solitude.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism is different from Skinner's radical behaviorism in that radical behaviorism
A) uses a one-way model in which external events cause behavior.
B) maintains that behavior influences external events.
C) includes internal factors in its explanation of behavior.
D) identifies more ways to change behavior.
Q2) According to Bandura, we learn many behaviors by observing models. Whether or not we perform these behaviors depends on
A) our expectations for rewards and punishments.
B) the reinforcement value of the rewards.
C) generalized expectancies.
D) whether we are children or adults.
Q3) Which of the following has not been shown to be a result of self-efficacy beliefs?
A) Overcoming posttraumatic stress disorder
B) Overcoming paranoid schizophrenia
C) Overcoming test anxiety
D) Greater academic achievement
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) Denise and Carla both place a high value on good health. Denise is an internal and Carla is an external. We would predict that
A) Denise will probably be in better health than Carla.
B) Carla will probably be in better health than Denise.
C) Both will probably be equally healthy and healthier than the average person their age.
D) Both will probably be equally healthy and less healthy than the average person their age.
Q2) Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression requires participants to __________ and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively.
A) receive an aversive or painful stimulus
B) complete a questionnaire
C) engage in a group discussion
D) watch a violent or nonviolent program
Q3) Internals seem to do better in school because they see themselves as A) smarter.
B) better test-takers.
C) responsible.
D) lucky.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of cognitive-affect units except one. Which one?
A) Encodings
B) Categories
C) Reinforcement values
D) Personal constructs
Q2) Your self-schema consists of those aspects of your behavior that are A) innate.
B) most important to you.
C) similar to your parents.
D) unique to you alone.
Q3) When practicing rational emotive behavior therapy, a therapist will typically A) look for the childhood experiences that contributed to the current problem.
B) examine the logic the client uses that leads him or her to the emotional reaction.
C) wait for the client to discover the source of the problem rather than suggest what the source might be.
D) affirm to the client that he or she has good reasons to feel the way he or she does.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of __________ than women.
A) personal events
B) sporting events
C) impersonal events
D) emotional events
Q2) How do men and women differ in their emotional memories and the kinds of information they process more rapidly? Give an example of your own of an independent self-construal and an interdependent self-construal. How do the genders differ in these cognitive representations of the self?
Q3) Researchers have found that prevention programs designed to reduce reactive aggression
A) have generally failed until recently.
B) effectively use cognitive (behavior) therapy.
C) are successful in reducing antisocial acts like assault.
D) only work for very young boys.
Q4) How does the negative (depressive) schema work? Explain how negative thoughts are related to depressing feelings and contrast the outlook on life between most normal people and depressed individuals.
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Q1) Suppose a researcher finds the events that make people anxious vary tremendously from culture to culture. Which theory would probably be the least able to account for this?
A) Horney's theory
B) evolutionary personality theory
C) behaviorism
D) social learning theory
Q2) Which of the following is a situation factor in predicting aggressive behavior?
A) Past experiences
B) Attitudes
C) Genetic predisposition
D) Noises and visual cues
Q3) One component of Type A that is a relatively strong predictor of health problems is A) frustration.
B) need for Achievement.
C) anger and hostility.
D) the toxic component.
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