Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Personality Psychology explores the scientific study of personality, examining the enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make individuals unique. This course introduces major theoretical perspectives such as psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological approaches along with contemporary research methods and assessments. Students will learn about the origins and development of personality, the role of genetics and environment, and the implications of personality for health, relationships, and success. Through case studies, discussions, and empirical research, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how personality is studied, measured, and applied in various real-world contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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963 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is correct about the relation between personality and culture?
A)Because personality is concerned with the person, personality psychologists are not interested in cultural differences.
B)Most studies to date find few if any significant cross-cultural differences in personality phenomena.
C)Personality exists within a cultural context.
D)Individual differences in personality can be found only in individualistic cultures.
Answer: C
Q2) What are the four essential components for the study of personality? Choose one of the six general approaches to personality and use it as an example to illustrate the differences in these components.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) Regardless of the approach,assessment is about making predictions from personality theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about theories of personality?
A)They provide only a part of the picture of human personality.
B)They support the expert's viewpoint.
C)Theories are predicted from one hypothesis or another.
D)They are directly tested using empirical methods.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is correct about the case study method?
A)It should only be used when a large number of participants cannot be examined.
B)It has been used almost exclusively by psychologists from the psychoanalytic perspective.
C)It is used only to generate hypotheses and illustrate treatments.
D)Sometimes it is more appropriate than conducting an experiment.
Answer: D
Q3) A researcher uses a manipulated independent variable in her experiment. This means she
A)conducts her research in a laboratory.
B)uses comparison groups.
C)makes her prediction before conducting the study.
D)randomly assigns participants to conditions.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) The defense mechanism upon which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests is the one known as repression.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A patient in psychoanalysis begins to speak to the therapist as if the therapist were the patient's deceased brother.This is an example of A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)countertransference.
D)denial.
Answer: B
Q3) A man is angry with his wife,but instead of confronting her,he takes out his anger on his children.This is an example of A)repression.
B)sublimation.
C)displacement.
D)projection.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Each person relies more on some defense mechanisms and less on others when the ego is threatened. Psychologists refer to this contrast as differences in A)defensive style.
B)ego strength.
C)preferred id impulses.
D)mental health.
Q2) Many of the research findings in support of Freud's theory of humor can also be explained by the fact that people find ________ funny.
A)incongruity
B)all forms of humor
C)what others laugh at to be
D)what society tells them to laugh at to be
Q3) According to the textbook,the many theories of hypnosis can be roughly placed along a continuum depending on how they deal with the question of what is A)posthypnotic amnesia.
B)the hypnotic trance.
C)the motivation behind hypnosis.
D)modifiability of susceptibility.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Adler experienced each of the following in his own childhood except one.Which one?
A)Dethroning by a younger sibling
B)Feelings of physical inferiority to children his age
C)Striving for academic superiority after experiencing feelings of academic inferiority
D)Being a first-born child
Q2) Which of the following is not a key limitation to Freud's theory?
A)The idea that the adult personality is formed by the time a child is five or six
B)The idea that the ego defends against anxiety
C)Freud's emphasis on instinctual influences on personality
D)Freud's concentration on the negative parts of personality
Q3) According to Jung,people in all cultures throughout history have believed in powerful God-like entities because of
A)inherent feelings of helplessness and powerlessness.
B)the God archetype.
C)the power of organized religion to promote its views.
D)fear and anxiety about death.
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Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) In one longitudinal study spanning over 20 years,12 month-old infants with a secure attachment style
A)were no more secure in adult romantic relationships than avoidant infants.
B)had fewer close friends and many acquaintances.
C)were more socially competent in elementary school.
D)experienced one deep romance after another.
Q2) Research on frustration and aggression generally has found that
A)frustration always leads to aggression.
B)frustration sometimes leads to aggression.
C)frustration rarely leads to aggression.
D)frustration always leads to aggression, but sometimes in indirect or displaced forms.
Q3) Researchers find that avoidance coping strategies
A)with only a few exceptions tend to be less effective than active strategies.
B)are particularly effective with severe trauma.
C)are about as effective as emotion-focused strategies.
D)are most effective with long-term problems.
Q4) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Psychologists often use personality traits to predict behavior in the workplace. This research has benefited recently by looking at
A)the Big Five personality dimensions.
B)psychogenic needs.
C)central traits.
D)the idiographic approach.
Q2) Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Epstein has argued that the reason for this failure is because
A)researchers don't perform the correct statistical analysis.
B)researchers don't measure personality traits correctly.
C)researchers don't measure behavior correctly.
D)none of these
Q3) Sometimes a man with a high need for Affiliation will engage in social interactions,but sometimes he will not.According to Murray,what determines the man's affiliation behavior?
A)Whether or not he has recently spent time with people
B)The strength of his need for Affiliation relative to other needs
C)The need for Affiliation levels of other people
D)His need for Power
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Researchers find that men and women sometimes differ in achievement behavior because
A)men have an inherently higher need to achieve.
B)men are better at tasks calling for organization skills.
C)men have higher endurance levels.
D)men and women differ in the values they assign to achievement tasks.
Q2) Some researchers believe that evaluation apprehension is the underlying cause of social anxiety.This means people high in social anxiety
A)are afraid of being graded or tested.
B)do not like to meet new people.
C)are afraid to speak in front of a large audience.
D)are afraid of what other people will think of them.
Q3) Compared to Type Bs,how do Type A people typically respond to a stressful task?
A)They become more aroused than Bs, but try to adjust their arousal level down.
B)They are aware of becoming highly aroused, but choose to do nothing about it.
C)They do not become as aroused as Type Bs.
D)They become more aroused than Bs, but tend to ignore or deny physiological stress.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following physiological measures have been used to study personality?
A)Neuroimaging
B)Respiration
C)Hormone levels
D)All of these
Q2) A psychologist purchases an electroencephalograph (EEG)for use in his research.The psychologist is interested in measuring
A)intelligence.
B)muscle tension.
C)heart rate.
D)brain-wave activity.
Q3) A strength of the biological approach is that
A)it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior.
B)there seems to be no limit to psychologists' ability to test for biological factors.
C)most of its advocates are medical doctors with an interest in treating disease.
D)it makes a variety of suggestions for personality change.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Behavior genetics researchers have taken their data from twin studies and used formulas to estimate that about _________ percent of the stability in adult personalities can be attributed to genetics.
A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
Q2) A researcher using the twin-study method finds an average correlation of .50 between monozygotic twins' scores on a measure of self-esteem.The researcher finds an average correlation of .30 between dizygotic twins' scores on this measure.The difference between the size of the correlations is statistically significant.What conclusion might the researcher draw from these results?
A)Genetics has more of an influence on self-esteem than environment has.
B)There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
C)There is no evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
D)The results are opposite of what would be expected if there were a genetic influence on self-esteem.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Maslow believed very few people reach self-actualization,which is the point at which their potential is fully developed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A boy hits his younger sister.What might a Rogerian therapist recommend the parents say to the child?
A)"Hitting your sister is wrong. You are a bad boy."
B)"You need another way to express your feelings."
C)"I love you, but I do not like it when you hit your sister."
D)"You will be punished if you do that again."
Q3) According to Rogers,what is the most common defense process?
A)Subception
B)Distortion
C)Denial
D)Repression
Q4) In a correlational analysis of Q-Sort responses,a zero correlation indicates that the client's real and ideal selves are highly related.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Research has shown that men and women are more likely to be accepted when they disclose according to appropriate gender roles in society. For men,this means
A)withholding information for the most part.
B)disclosing information that is misleading or simply false.
C)never revealing anything about one's self.
D)none of these
Q2) Although low self-esteem people have good or bad feelings about themselves,compared to others,they
A)lack a basic confidence in themselves.
B)always appreciate who they are.
C)prefer solitude.
D)rarely focus on negative feedback from others.
Q3) In Western societies,the concept of high self-esteem is related to how one fits with society.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define preference for solitude and describe people at either end of this individual difference dimension. Give the humanistic approach's explanation for why some people desire solitude.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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Q1) Bandura argued there are internal determinants as well as external causes of behavior. Which of the following is not an internal influence?
A)Thoughts
B)Experiences
C)Beliefs
D)Expectancies
Q2) Behaviorists believe that conditioning principles can be examined to understand the processes that shape our personalities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Rotter's model,a behavior potential is determined in part by
A)the estimated likelihood that the behavior will lead to reinforcement.
B)the strength of other behavior potentials.
C)whether or not the role model was rewarded.
D)the distinction between learning and performance.
Q4) Many complex human behaviors cannot be learned through classical or operant conditioning but are acquired through observational learning.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of
A)B. F. Skinner.
B)Albert Bandura.
C)Julian Rotter.
D)Henry Murray.
Q2) A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively.Although there are some exceptions,most of this research finds
A)there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression.
B)watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.
C)watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television.
D)watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, but only in children.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) According to Kelly,anxiety results when
A)people become aware of inconsistencies between the actual self and the ideal self.
B)people can't predict future events.
C)defense mechanisms fail.
D)people use faulty logic in arriving at self-defeating conclusions about themselves.
Q2) According to Ellis,people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on
A)self-defeating thoughts.
B)irrational beliefs.
C)skewed personal constructs.
D)activating experiences.
Q3) All of the following techniques are methods used by Kelly in psychotherapy except one. Which one?
A)Asking people about their personal constructs
B)Asking people to describe their ideal selves
C)Asking people to define their personal constructs
D)Forcing people to attend to their process of construing the world
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) The cognitive approach to personality suggests that negative thoughts can A)be a symptom of depression.
B)cause depression.
C)be the result of changes in brain receptors. D)be more slowly processed.
Q2) When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women,those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of A)a negative cognitive style.
B)curiosity.
C)positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks.
D)false interpretations of events since the trauma.
Q3) People processing information through a depressive schema have greater access to depressing memories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers. What are the components? Give an example of your own of an aggressive response you have recently made and provide an explanation from the model,including all the components.
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