Introduction to Personality Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Personality is a foundational course that explores the major theories, research methods, and applications related to the study of personality. Students will examine classic and contemporary approaches, including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, cognitive, and biological perspectives, to understand how personality develops and influences behavior. The course covers the assessment of personality, the role of genetics and environment, and the impact of personality on psychological well-being and interpersonal relationships. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students gain insights into their own personalities and learn to critically evaluate personality science.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theories 9th Edition by Barbara Engler
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction Evaluating Personality Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) John Watson recommended that psychologists should emphasize the study of A) overt behaviors.
B) mental processes.
C) introspection.
D) covert behaviors.
Answer: A
Q2) John Watson's extreme behaviorist views were adopted and taken even further by
A) Gordon Allport.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) Sigmund Freud
D) B.F. Skinner
Answer: D
Q3) In 1952,______________ stunned the therapeutic community with a report on treatment outcomes indicating that various forms of psychotherapy are no more effective than a placebo or no treatment.
A) Freud
B) Rogers
C) Eysenck
D) Rychlak
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
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Q1) Which of the following Freudian ideas has been found by research to have little basis in fact?
A) Depression is aggression turned against the self.
B) Dream symbolism reflects emotional concerns.
C) There is a tendency to repress the memory of negative events.
D) Women have a negative self-image because they lack a penis.
Answer: D
Q2) Inez is extremely self-critical and evaluates herself very harshly.According to Freudian theory,it is most likely that her ___________ is overdeveloped.
A) superego
B) id
C) ego
D) collective unconscious
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Analytical Psychology Carl Jung
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "great mother," the "wise old man," and the "hero" are all examples of A) archetypes.
B) attitudes.
C) complexes.
D) functions.
Answer: A
Q2) Describe Jung's concept of the personal unconscious and its complexes. Answer: Jung's concept of the personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind that contains an individual's unique experiences, memories, and emotions. It is formed through personal experiences and is different for each person. Within the personal unconscious, Jung identified the existence of complexes, which are emotionally charged patterns of thoughts, feelings, and memories that are organized around a particular theme. These complexes can be positive or negative and can have a significant impact on an individual's behavior and emotions. Jung believed that understanding and integrating these complexes was essential for personal growth and psychological well-being. He also saw the personal unconscious as a source of creativity and potential for individuation, the process of becoming a fully integrated and authentic self.
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Chapter 4: Inter-psychic Theories Alfred Adler, Harry Stack
Sullivan
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Q1) Carlos is angry at his best friend,but instead of lashing out physically,he releases his anger by writing in his journal.Sullivan would argue that this behavior represents the security operation of
A) selective inattention.
B) "as if" behavior.
C) regression.
D) sublimation.
Q2) The therapist develops tentative hypotheses about her patient during which part of an interview?
A) Detailed inquiry
B) Inception
C) Reconnaissance
D) Termination
Q3) The concept of family constellation includes
A) one's position within the family in terms of birth order.
B) the presence or absence of friends and siblings.
C) the time of day that each child was born.
D) the nature and severity of sibling rivalry in the family.
Q4) Describe how family constellation and family atmosphere shape personality.
Q5) Evaluate Adler's theory in terms of its function as philosophy,science,and art.
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Chapter 5: Psychoanalytic Social Psychology Karen Horney
Erich Fromm
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Q1) Karen Horney was an early feminist who challenged male authority.What would be Horney's position on some of the major issues facing women today (for example,equal rights,the question of abortion,and health care)?
Q2) Julie is a very dependent young woman who believes that she can look to other people to fulfill herself.These behavior and thought modes typify which orientation?
A) Exploitative
B) Hoarding
C) Productive
D) Receptive
Q3) In the neurotic individual,the idealized self and the real self
A) become repressed.
B) mostly coincide.
C) become separated.
D) are one.
Q4) Fromm suggested that Adolph Hitler exemplified the A) necrophilous character.
B) biophilous character.
C) productive character orientation.
D) receptive character orientation.
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Chapter 6: Ego Analytic Psychology Anna Freud Erik Erikson
Dan McAdams
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss Erikson's theories regarding the differences in psychological development between women and men.
Q2) Each of Erikson's psychosocial stages is organized around a(n) ________ that children encounter at certain critical periods.
A) media exposure
B) observation of private adult life
C) emotional polarity
D) erogenous zone
Q3) Which of the following is one of the ways in which Erikson extended Freudian psychoanalysis?
A) He posited another psychosexual stage following the genital stage.
B) He researched the impact of fixations in later stages than Freud did.
C) He elaborated on the negative functions of the ego.
D) He added a social dimension that before was only implied in the psychosexual stages.
Q4) Critics have suggested that Erikson's theory applies only to a white,Western,patriarchal society.Discuss how people in other cultures might experience different life stages,emotional polarities,and ego strengths.
Q5) Describe Dan McAdams' contributions to personality theory.
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Chapter 7: Human Relations Object Relations Theory,
Relational-Cultural Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the neurobiological basis of relationships and relational-cultural theory.
Q2) Compared to classical Freudian analysts,the Stone Center group therapists are more
A) self-disclosing.
B) likely to interpret.
C) prone to remain neutral.
D) inclined to cultivate transference.
Q3) The object in object relations theory refers to
A) any inanimate object.
B) any target that satisfies a drive.
C) anything or anyone with whom a person forms a relationship.
D) the therapeutic subject.
Q4) In their personality theory,the Stone Center group has replaced self with A) connection.
B) object.
C) psyche.
D) the feminine ego.
Q5) What contributions did Margaret Mahler make to psychoanalytic theory?
Q6) Explain how disconnections are the major source of psychological problems.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Analysis of Behavior John Dollard and
Neal Miller BFSkinner
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did Skinner say about many of the constructs used to describe personality,such as the id,ego,and superego?
A) They are readily observed in everyday behavior.
B) They are unnecessary fictions.
C) They are helpful for describing internal states.
D) They correspond directly to biological structures in the brain.
Q2) Every time Luis gives his dog a treat,he shakes the box of treats first.His dog now reacts excitedly to the sound of the box of treats being shaken,even before Luis takes out a treat.In this situation,the treat is the
A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned stimulus.
Q3) The practice of using time-outs,or removal of a person from a situation in which an undesired behavior occurs,was developed by
A) Abraham Maslow.
B) Harry Stack Sullivan.
C) Arthur Staats.
D) Anna Freud.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Social Learning Theories Albert Bandura, Julian
Rotter, Walter Mischel
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Q1) Related to the concept of self-efficacy is the concept of ________,which is the belief that one can succeed by being closely interconnected with others.
A) external locus of control
B) communal mastery
C) social psychology
D) social facilitation
Q2) Explain what Bandura means by triadic reciprocal causation and identify the three factors that comprise it.
Q3) For inappropriate behaviors that are rewarding in the short run,such as smoking,overeating,or substance abuse,Bandura teaches
A) self-regulation.
B) behavior desensitization.
C) relaxation training.
D) exposure therapy.
Q4) Describe the cognitive-affective systems theory of personality.
Q5) Psychotherapy based on Bandura's theories emphasizes the improvement of self-efficacy.Which psychological disorders or problems seem most closely related to a poor sense of self-efficacy?
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Chapter 10: Traits and Personology Gordon Allport Henry Murray
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Q1) In Murray's theory,a ________ is a force in the brain that organizes our perceptions,understanding,and behavior so that it changes our situation for the better.
A) need
B) drive
C) motive
D) response
Q2) Evaluate Murray's theory in terms of its function as philosophy,science,and art.
Q3) Allport's concept of the proprium emphasizes
A) responses to the past.
B) forward movement.
C) unconscious factors.
D) instinctual forces.
Q4) What testing procedure is used in the administration of the TAT?
A) The person answers multiple-choice questions.
B) The person is asked to make up stories about ambiguous pictures.
C) The person has to draw a house, a person, and a tree.
D) The person is asked to interpret a series of inkblots.
Q5) Describe the study of personology as defined by Murray.
Q6) Discuss the concept of functional autonomy.
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Chapter 11: Factor Analytic, Genetic and Evolutionary
Theories Raymond Cattell, The Big Five Personality Traits, Genetic and Evolutionary Developments
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Q1) Which of the following situations best illustrates that the environment can contribute more to a trait than heredity?
A) A child whose birth mother was emotionally stable shares the mood swings of his adoptive mother.
B) A biological father and son are both disorganized.
C) Fraternal twins share the same offbeat sense of humor.
D) Identical twins who were raised apart are both extraverted.
Q2) Which statement is LEAST likely to be made by a theorist who subscribes to the Five-Factor Model?
A) Each personality trait is allocated a different region in the brain.
B) Personality characteristics are the product of internal mechanisms.
C) Personality differences have a genetic basis.
D) Personality traits are stable over time.
Q3) Questionnaires measuring the Big Five have been particularly helpful in providing diagnostic information for which category of DSM-IV-TR disorders?
A) Anxiety disorders
B) Mood disorders
C) Eating disorders
D) Personality disorders
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Chapter 12: Biological Traits Hans Eysenck
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Sample Questions
Q1) A phenotype refers to
A) different habitual levels of arousal.
B) inherited anatomical structures.
C) an individual's observable appearance.
D) one's underlying genetic makeup.
Q2) Identify the hypothesized causal agents of extraversion-introversion,emotional stability-neuroticism,and psychoticism in Eysenck's theory.Indicate how his work relates to current research on the brain.
Q3) What was the conclusion of Eysenck's The Effects of Psychotherapy?
A) Behavioral therapy is the least effective of all the psychotherapies.
B) Any form of psychotherapy can be beneficial, provided that the therapist is empathic.
C) Therapists should revert to classical Freudian techniques.
D) There is no evidence for the effectiveness of any studied psychotherapies.
Q4) Should intelligence be considered an aspect of personality?
Q5) William Sheldon's theory of temperament was based primarily on A) the collective unconscious.
B) conditioning.
C) physique.
D) interaction among the id, ego, and superego.
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Chapter 13: Humanism Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
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Q1) Which of the following is the best example of a parental response that conveys unconditional positive regard to a girl who spilled her milk?
A) "Good girls don't spill their milk."
B) "That was a mistake. Try to be more careful next time."
C) "Why did you do that? You are such a careless kid."
D) "I always knew you were clumsy."
Q2) Rogers identified three specific attitudes important to his brand of therapy.He also argued that
A) these therapist attitudes were necessary, but not sufficient, for successful therapeutic change.
B) therapists needed to utilize specific techniques, such as those suggested by behavioral or psychoanalytic therapists, to maximize the effect of the three therapist attitudes.
C) such attitudes underlie any good relationship, including those outside the context of therapy.
D) therapists needed to study his methodologies in order to implement these attitudes properly.
Q3) Distinguish among different responses to emotional communications.
Q4) Describe three therapist attitudes that lead to change.
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Chapter 14: Existential Psychoanalysis Rollo May
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Q1) What does the existential approach in psychology focus on?
A) Understanding human beings in terms of classical and operant conditioning
B) The human being as he or she is emerging and becoming
C) The interaction of id, ego, and superego
D) The death instinct in human beings
Q2) In 1977,May defined _________ as "the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value that the individual holds essential to his or her existence as a person."
A) powerlessness
B) the daimonic
C) anxiety
D) stress
Q3) Discuss the existentialist approach to scientific methodology.
Q4) May believed that the concept of stress
A) does not adequately describe anxiety.
B) should be used in lieu of the term anxiety.
C) is distinctly bound to consciousness and subjectivity.
D) is useful because it is directly quantifiable.
Q5) Describe the central predicament that human beings face,according to May.
Q6) Describe the existentialist approach to psychotherapy.
Q7) Identify two major traditions that Rollo May combines.
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Chapter 15: Personal Constructs George Kelly
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Sample Questions
Q1) How successful would Kelly's Rep Test be in assessing your personality?
Q2) Evaluate Kelly's theory in terms of its function as philosophy,science,and art.
Q3) Kelly uses the term aggression in the way most of us use the term
A) resistance.
B) anger.
C) assertiveness.
D) hostility.
Q4) A couple has a 3:00 o'clock appointment to see a marital therapist.One partner arrives twenty minutes early,and the other arrives twenty minutes late.During the therapy session,the therapist asks both partners to consider several possibilities to explain the arrival time of the other partner.According to Kelly,this therapist is facilitating a discussion that
A) illustrates psychoanalysis.
B) illustrates constructive alternativism.
C) focuses on the cognitive triad.
D) illustrates behavioral therapy.
Q5) Discuss Kelly's view of and contributions to psychotherapy.
Q6) Describe the philosophical position of constructive alternativism.
Q7) What are the limits,if any,of constructive alternativism?
Q8) Discuss Kelly's fundamental postulate and eleven corollaries that support it.
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Chapter 16: Cognitive-Behavioral Theories Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Arnold Lazarus
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Q1) Discuss the development of Lazarus's theory and the BASIC-ID.
Q2) Overgeneralization,dichotomous thinking,and personalization are
A) categories in the Values in Action (VIA) Classification of Strengths Manual.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) examples of cognitive distortions.
Q3) Describe cognitive therapy.
Q4) Dr.Wong is a clinical psychologist who uses a cognitive approach to therapy.Which of the following clients would be the most ideal match for Dr.Wong's methods?
A) A client seeking therapy for personal growth
B) A client whose issues are vaguely defined
C) A client who intends to focus on how her early childhood experiences influence her current psychological problems
D) A client willing to allow the therapist to direct the sessions and to define psychological issues as problems to be solved
Q5) Discuss assessment and research in Beck's theory.
Q6) Explain how,according to Ellis,people develop their own personal belief systems.
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Q7) Explain what is meant by schemas,automatic thoughts,and cognitive distortions.
Chapter 17: Zen Buddhism
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Sample Questions
Q1) An individual who has achieved the mental state of nirvana experiences A) death.
B) no cravings or dualistic ideas.
C) increased intelligence.
D) the satisfaction of all desires.
Q2) How can Western psychotherapists increase their cultural sensitivity to Zen Buddhist clients? To what extent should they adopt their approaches to psychotherapy?
Q3) In Zen,bowing is an expression of A) disguised superiority.
B) gratitude and respect.
C) disapproval.
D) worship.
Q4) Morita therapy is more than 90 percent effective in improving or curing A) anxiety disorders.
B) major depression.
C) personality disorders.
D) schizophrenia.
Q5) Discuss the three characteristics of existence: anicca,dukkha,and anatta.
Q6) Describe zazen.Contrast shikantaza with the koan method of the practice of Zen.
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Chapter 18: Conclusion personality Theory in Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe recent trends in the field of personality theory and the directions the field may take in the future.
Q2) Which of the following theorists is most likely to challenge the notion that a scientist must remain objectively detached from his or her subject matter?
A) Raymond Cattell
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Erich Fromm
D) B. F. Skinner
Q3) The term psyche,as it was used by the poet Homer,is best translated as A) "self."
B) "soul."
C) "mind."
D) "consciousness."
Q4) Albert Bandura advocated euthenics,which is the study of advancing human life through
A) improved living conditions.
B) selective breeding.
C) spiritual awakening.
D) the raising of ethnic consciousness.
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