Introduction to Personality Chapter
Course Introduction
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Introduction to Personality explores the major theories, research findings, and applications related to human personality. Students will examine foundational perspectives such as psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological approaches to understanding how personality develops and influences behavior. The course also covers methods of personality assessment, contemporary empirical research, and the role of culture, genetics, and environment in shaping individual differences. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking as students analyze how personality concepts apply to real-world situations and their own experiences.
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Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 5th Edition by Randy
Larsen
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Q1) To say that someone has the trait of happiness, you need to know that the person
A)is happy at a given moment.
B)is frequently happy.
C)remembers being happy.
D)makes others happy.
Answer: B
Q2) The group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human is A)like all others.
B)like some others.
C)like no others.
D)somewhat like other mammals
Answer: B
Q3) At the psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of A)shivering mechanisms when people are cold.
B)hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food.
C)friction mechanisms to prevent calluses in skin.
D)fear mechanisms to help us avoid environmental threats.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Q1) How a person performs on an intelligence test would be considered
A)S-data.
B)O-data.
C)T-data.
D)L-data.
Answer: C
Q2) A study discussed in the text showed that children who had more temper tantrums also had
A)more negative life outcomes.
B)more positive life outcomes.
C)life outcomes similar to children with fewer temper tantrums.
D)more temper tantrums as adults.
Answer: A
Q3) If people who score high on extraversion also score high on measures of happiness, extraversion and happiness are
A)not correlated.
B)positively correlated.
C)negatively correlated.
D)possibly correlated, but there is not enough information here to know.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Q1) The primary dimensions in Wiggins's circumplex model are love and A)hate.
B)dominance.
C)interpersonal behavior.
D)neuroticism.
Answer: B
Q2) The five-factor model is a combination of _____ and _____ approaches to studying personality taxonomies.
A)lexical and statistical
B)lexical and biological
C)theoretical and statistical
D)statistical and causal
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is an example of the view that traits are descriptive summaries?
A)Eysenck's theory
B)Theoretical scale construction
C)The act frequency approach
D)The sociosexual orientation scale
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Q1) A study by Hartshorne and May (1928) found that children who cheated in games were
A)much more likely to cheat on written exams.
B)not much more likely to cheat on written exams.
C)more likely to help strangers.
D)more likely to be aggressive.
Q2) Because trait psychology focuses on the amounts of various traits, it tends to focus on
A)psychopathology.
B)measurement.
C)situational selection.
D)integrity testing.
Q3) Whenever Ling walks into a room everyone always smiles and seeks him out for conversation.He does not understand why people react to him that that way.Most likely Ling is demonstrating the idea of A)evocation.
B)equivocation.
C)elocution.
D)elation.
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Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) Buss, Block, and Block's longitudinal study of activity level found
A)stability in activity level over time.
B)less stability over short intervals.
C)more stability over long intervals.
D)a lack of personality coherence.
Q2) Which of the following has been suggested as the key factor with the later development of alcoholism in men?
A)High levels of neuroticism
B)Low levels of neuroticism
C)Low levels of impulse control
D)High levels of impulse control
Q3) Which of the following has NOT been associated with marital satisfaction?
A)The husband's neuroticism
B)The wife's neuroticism
C)The husband's impulsivity
D)The wife's impulsivity
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Q1) _____ aims to identify specific genes associated with personality traits.
A)Adoption studies
B)Molecular genetics
C)Twin studies
D)Behavior Genetics
Q2) The personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism have been found to be
A)highly heritable.
B)moderately heritable.
C)slightly heritable.
D)not at all heritable.
Q3) If adopted children differ in important ways from most other people, it would violate the _____ assumption.
A)representativeness
B)equal environments
C)eugenics
D)shared family environment
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Most of Gray's research has
A)been done on the brains of animals.
B)used questionnaires.
C)used measures of electrodermal activity.
D)been done on college sophomores.
Q2) Phineas Gage's personality became _____ after his brain was penetrated by an iron rod in an accident.
A)agreeable and conscientious
B)obstinate and capricious
C)extraverted and neurotic
D)extraordinarily conventional
Q3) One of the first people to suggest that biological differences could be responsible for personality differences was
A)Eysenck.
B)Pavlov.
C)Galen.
D)Sheldon.
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Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an adaptive problem faced by women?
A)Finding a good mate
B)Securing resources
C)Parental uncertainty
D)Mate guarding
Q2) Harry is very loyal to his old army unit.They have reunions and regularly keep in touch with each other.Membership in Harry's army unit most likely has elicited _____ in that group of war veterans.
A)a strong need to belong
B)strong memory biases
C)strong altruistic tendencies
D)strong militaristic bonds
Q3) Research on sex differences in interest in sexual variety finds that
A)women would be much more interested in casual sex if they felt it was safe.
B)most women refuse casual sex even if a friend ensures that the man is trustworthy.
C)men and women do not differ in the amount of sexual fantasy.
D)men and women do not differ in the content of their sexual fantasies.
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Q1) _____ is the process in which boys imitate and take on the values of their father.
A)Identification
B)Castration anxiety
C)Fixation
D)Penis envy
Q2) The death instinct is also called A)Eros.
B)thanatos.
C)wham.
D)Zeus.
Q3) The case of Ross Cheit (who had forgotten, and later remembered, being abused at a camp) is an example of A)denial.
B)repression.
C)sublimation.
D)reaction formation.
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) A person who would choose to live their life over again in exactly the same way has resolved the _____ stage in a positive way.
A)integrity versus despair
B)identity versus role confusion
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)initiative versus guilt
Q2) Erikson used the word "industry" to describe
A)his first developmental stage.
B)a sense of low self-esteem.
C)the feeling of failure.
D)the feeling that one can achieve what he or she wants.
Q3) According to Horney, _____ is a term that describes a set of shared standards for many behaviors.
A)culture
B)gender
C)cognitive unconscious
D)social power
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Q1) Needs at the _____ of Maslow's hierarchy are the strongest.
A)top
B)bottom
C)middle
D)top and at the bottom
Q2) A fully functioning person
A)has met physiological and safety needs.
B)has achieved self-actualization.
C)is moving towards self-actualization.
D)rejects experiences that are incongruent with that person's goals.
Q3) Maslow thought that about _____ percent of people are working primarily on self-actualization needs.
A)1
B)10
C)25
D)50
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Q1) Which of the following college majors would be MOST likely to have many field-independent people?
A)Journalism
B)History
C)Sociology
D)Physics
Q2) Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are the result of differences in
A)perception.
B)learned helplessness.
C)memory.
D)interpretation.
Q3) _____ describes the transformation of sensory information to mental representations, and the manipulation of those representations.
A)Explanatory style
B)Life tasks
C)Interpretation
D)Information processing
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Q1) There is much consensus among proponents of the dimensional view of emotions that _____ are the basic dimensions underlying emotions.
A)pleasantness/unpleasantness and arousal level
B)pleasantness/unpleasantness and universality of facial expressions
C)arousal level and universality of facial expressions
D)subjective experience and bodily change
Q2) Diener et al.(1995) found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States.
A)0.0
B)+.12
C)+.32
D)+.52
Q3) According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they
A)have similar facial expressions.
B)serve similar functions.
C)occur together in experience.
D)are rated as feeling distinct.
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Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Q1) People who score low in self-esteem are more likely to
A)engage in self-handicapping.
B)engage in defensive pessimism.
C)avoid failure feedback.
D)All of these.
Q2) Our sense of self influences
A)how we evaluate life events.
B)how we interact with other people.
C)how others view us.
D)All of these.
Q3) Perspective taking usually develops around the age of _____ years.
A)2
B)5
C)9
D)13
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a step that would tend to help decrease shyness?
A)Try not to avoid social situations.
B)Mentally review aspects of conversation that went poorly.
C)Pay attention to others.
D)Make more eye contact.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Q1) Husbands who score low on conscientiousness tend to evoke anger from their wives by
A)having extramarital affairs.
B)drinking too much.
C)being abusive.
D)withholding sex.
Q2) Aggressive people tend to evoke _____ from others.
A)hostility
B)submission
C)understanding
D)praise
Q3) Women who are married to men who score high on openness rate their A)husbands as sources of stimulating conversation compared to other women's view of their husbands.
B)husbands as being sources of encouragement and support.
C)husbands as being someone in whom they can confide.
D)love and affection expressed with their husbands as being high.
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Chapter 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality
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Q1) Fraternal twins Jack and Jill have been raised in the same environment.Jill aspires to become a clinical psychologist while Jack intends to be a mechanical engineer.Their career choices most likely are due to sex differences that are expressed by their scores on the _____ dimension of personality.
A)people-things
B)openness to experience
C)Machiavellianism
D)need for achievement
Q2) Researchers who used to view androgyny as ideal now consider _____, that is, not to use gender and sex-linkage at all in one's processing of social information, as best.
A)undifferentiated gender
B)masculinity
C)femininity
D)gender-aschematic thinking
Q3) A person who is androgynous scores
A)low on both masculinity and femininity.
B)high on both masculinity and femininity.
C)high on masculinity and low on femininity.
D)high on femininity and low on masculinity.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Q1) Recent research suggests that
A)some of the cultural differences observed by Mead were inaccurate.
B)the idea of cultural universals is untenable.
C)cultural universals are more important than cultural differences.
D)within-culture variation is much smaller than between culture variation.
Q2) Cultural characteristics that start out as ideas are most likely examples of A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)evoked culture.
D)elicited culture.
Q3) Nisbett has attributed greater aggression among Southerners to A)transmitted culture.
B)false politeness.
C)the greater need to protect resources that could easily be stolen.
D)the warmer southern climate.
Q4) According to Nisbett, honor is most important in A)cultures with low variance in resources.
B)cultures with high variance in resources.
C)agricultural cultures.
D)herding cultures.
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Chapter 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
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Q1) _____ is a dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad events.
A)Defensive pessimism
B)Attributional style
C)Problem-focused coping
D)Negative event interpretation
Q2) Which of the following components of Type A behavior pattern is most lethal?
A)Achievement striving
B)Time urgency
C)Hostility
D)All of these are equally lethal.
Q3) When a person perceives that an event is a threat to his goals, he engages in
A)the optimistic bias.
B)the pessimistic bias.
C)primary appraisal.
D)secondary appraisal.
Q4) Stress is thought to have the greatest influence on the _____ system.
A)circulatory
B)cardiovascular
C)reproductive
D)immune
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) A psychologist should be especially hesitant before diagnosing a personality disorder in all of these groups EXCEPT
A)adolescent populations.
B)criminal populations.
C)adults undergoing a severe loss.
D)immigrant populations.
Q2) According to the dimensional view of personality disorders, an avoidant personality disorder is
A)high conscientiousness.
B)low neuroticism and high extraversion.
C)high introversion and high neuroticism.
D)low agreeableness and high openness.
Q3) Francis believes in ghosts and spends much of his time going to séances, reading about ghosts, and visiting haunted houses.If Francis had a personality disorder, it most likely would be a ____ personality disorder.
A)schizotypal
B)schizoid
C)eccentric
D)histrionic
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) The _____ domain is most concerned with understanding subjective experiences.
A)intrapsychic
B)dispositional
C)biological
D)cognitive/experiential
Q2) Further research using the lexical approach is A)unnecessary.
B)likely to find new traits related to sociability.
C)likely to find new traits related to sexuality or sex differences.
D)likely to find new traits related to agreeableness.
Q3) Proponents of the evolutionary perspective on personality will continue to ask which of the following basic questions?
A)"What are the basic traits of personality?"
B)"What is the adaptive function of each psychological mechanism?"
C)"Are there sex differences in every domain of personality?"
D)"How close have evolutionary adaptations come to perfection?"
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