Introduction to Pathology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Pathology provides students with a foundational understanding of the mechanisms of disease, exploring how normal anatomical and physiological processes are altered in various pathological conditions. The course covers essential topics such as cellular injury, inflammation, tissue repair, hemodynamic disorders, genetic and environmental factors in disease, and neoplasia. Emphasis is placed on integrating molecular, biochemical, and morphological changes underlying diseases, with clinical correlations to aid in recognizing pathologic processes in patient care. This introduction equips students with key concepts and terminology necessary for advanced studies in medical, biomedical, and health science fields.
Recommended Textbook
Pathology for the Physical Therapist Assistant 1st Edition by Penelope J. Lescher
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14 Chapters
280 Verified Questions
280 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Inflammation and Healing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells can change in response to injury or stimuli.Which of the following typifies an increase in size of the individual cells?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Q2) Scar tissue is a natural effect of wound healing.However,some types of scarring can cause problems.Which of the following terms applies to a scar that forms far beyond the margins of the original wound?
A) Adhesions
B) Cirrhosis
C) Hypertrophic scarring
D) Keloid scarring
Answer: D
Q3) Cultural differences can affect the way individuals perceive pain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Immunopathology, neoplasia, and
Chromosome Abnormalities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some bacteria have flagella (tails used to swim)and others produce spores.The tetanus bacteria Clostridium tetani produces spores that are unable to survive very long in the environment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Anaphylactic shock or anaphylaxis only occurs in children as a result of exposure to an allergen,which causes the release of histamine into the circulatory system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Antibiotic- and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are becoming much more common.Prescribing antimicrobial medications to young children with minor infections and patients not completing the entire prescribed course of antimicrobials are two of the reasons for this increase in occurrence of these bacteria.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Cardiovascular Pathologies
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Sample Questions
Q1) A heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute is considered to be:
A) bradycardia.
B) syncope.
C) tachycardia.
D) tachypnea.
Answer: A
Q2) In the case of arterial insufficiency (peripheral vascular disease),which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A) Massage of the limb is contraindicated.
B) The head end of the bed should be raised at night.
C) The foot end of the bed should be raised at night.
D) The person should not wear compression stockings.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding mitral valve incompetence is NOT true?
A) Mitral valve problems are often genetically inherited.
B) Mitral valve incompetence is a rare problem.
C) A person with mitral valve incompetence may not have any symptoms.
D) The mitral valve can be surgically replaced.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Respiratory Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) A pulse oximeter provides an estimate of the levels of oxygen saturation in hemoglobin (SaO<sub>2</sub>).Accepted normal SaO<sub>2</sub> ranges for individuals with no pulmonary disease are:
A) between 80% and 85%.
B) between 86% and 90%.
C) between 91% and 95%.
D) between 96% and 100%.
Q2) Breath sounds are detected using auscultation techniques with a stethoscope.Some of the abnormal or adventitious sounds include wheezing,rhonchi,crepitations,and crackles (rales).
A)True
B)False
Q3) The bifurcation point of the trachea lies at which level?
A) Central sternum
B) Junction of the xiphoid and the sternum
C) Level of the third rib
D) Sternal notch
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6
Chapter 5: Degenerative Joint Diseases and Bone Pathologies
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)can develop arthritic symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Osteochondromas,also called exostoses,are the most common benign tumors of bone in children and are usually located in the distal femur.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Several precautions exist for people who have a total hip arthroplasty.Which instruction should you AVOID giving to a patient after this surgery?
A) Do not flex the hip beyond 90 degrees.
B) Do not cross the affected leg beyond midline.
C) Do sit in a low,soft chair for comfort.
D) Do not bend over to pick something up off the floor.
Q4) A disease resulting in inflammation of the bone caused by an infection is:
A) tuberculosis.
B) osteoarthritis.
C) osteomyelitis.
D) osteomalacia.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Related Conditions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following signs and symptoms is indicative of psoriatic arthritis?
A) Bamboo spine
B) Tophi
C) Pencil-in-cup deformity of the fingers
D) Heberden's nodes
Q2) A disease characterized by a combination of signs and symptoms,including a malar rash on the face (butterfly rash),a discoid rash on the body,fatigue,weight loss or weight gain,Raynaud's phenomenon,arthritis symptoms of several joints,internal organ involvement,gastrointestinal symptoms,and anemia is:
A) Reiter's syndrome
B) scleroderma.
C) systemic lupus erythematosus.
D) Still's disease.
Q3) People with sarcoidosis may have symptoms of fatigue,chest pain,shortness of breath,skin lesions,and joint pains.Approximately 60% to 70% of people with the condition experience spontaneous healing within 24 to 36 months of the onset of the condition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Neurological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT considered a precaution or consideration for physical therapy intervention for people who have had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
A) Check vital signs before treatment.
B) If patients are on a thickened liquid diet because of swallowing problems,do not give them water to drink.
C) Encourage patients to turn their head away from the affected side by standing on the side of the bed of the nonaffected side.
D) Keep initial treatment sessions fairly short to prevent undue patient fatigue.
Q2) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare degenerative neurological disorder that can be treated with antimicrobial medications.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)receive physical therapy interventions focused on functional mobility.The disease is progressive and not curable.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Burns and Skin Conditions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The percentages in the Rule of Nines for an adult and an infant/small child are the same.
A)True
B)False
Q2) It is possible for some people to develop pressure ulcers in less than 2 hours.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Basal cell carcinoma
A)Area affected may appear as a nonhealing ulcer with an asymmetrical shape
B)Area of concern can be red,purple,or brown and is found mainly on the face and lower legs
C)Blister-like vesicles occurring along a dermatome
D)Lesions that are 6 mm in diameter and have mixed flat and raised areas
E)Occurs on areas regularly exposed to ultraviolet light
Q4) All of the following are protective functions of the skin EXCEPT:
A) control of body temperature.
B) defense against bacteria.
C) production of vitamin D.
D) protection from infrared light.
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Chapter 9: Endocrine, metabolic, and Nutritional Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diabetes insipidus is part of what group of diseases?
A) Adrenal
B) Pituitary
C) Parathyroid
D) Thyroid
Q2) For people with obesity,a slower rate of walking for a longer time is recommended when starting an exercise program.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hyperthyroidism
A)Perform gentle exercise and mobility
B)Improve endurance and strengthen muscle
C)Manage arthritic symptoms and perform muscle strengthening exercises
D)Treat muscle and soft tissues deficits that may arise
E)Treat the physical deficits caused by the disease process
Q4) All of the following are complications of diabetes mellitus EXCEPT:
A) amyotrophy.
B) reduced function of kidneys.
C) retinopathy.
D) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
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Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following diseases is NOT sexually transmitted?
A) Hepatitis A
B) Hepatitis B
C) Hepatitis C
D) Hepatitis D
Q2) The treatment of this disease does NOT recommend chest physical therapy:
A) Influenza
B) Legionnaires' disease
C) Pertussis
D) Rubeola
Q3) Which type of poliomyelitis can also give rise to post-poliomyelitis syndrome?
A) Clinical
B) Nonparalytic
C) Paralytic
D) Subclinical
Q4) Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by an RNA virus?
A) Hantavirus
B) Pertussis
C) Rubeola
D) West Nile virus
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Chapter 11: Female and Male Reproductive System
Conditions
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many beats per minute does the maternal heart beat increase during pregnancy?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
Q2) Poor personal hygiene is a factor for this type of cancer:
A) Breast cancer
B) Carcinoma of the cervix
C) Carcinoma of the penis
D) Prostate cancer
Q3) This hormone stimulates the ovary to produce estrogen or progesterone:
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
C) Oxytocin
D) Prolactin
Q4) Estimating the date of delivery is calculated using Nägele's rule.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Diseases of the Digestive and Urinary Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maltase
A)Liver
B)Pancreas
C)Salivary glands
D)Small intestine
E)Stomach
Q2) An ulcer is also known as erosive gastritis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Iontophoresis is a possible physical therapy intervention for temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic medical test for digestive system diseases?
A) Barium enemas
B) Colonoscopy
C) Endoscopy
D) Testing for creatinine clearance
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Chapter 13: Intensive Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) When preparing to work with a patient in the ICU it is important for the therapist to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) ask another health-care team member for clarification on terms with which the therapist is unfamiliar.
B) have basic knowledge of normal laboratory values.
C) know that if it is the first time he or she is entering ICU,it is okay to panic; the ICU is an overwhelming department of the hospital.
D) schedule treatment around other procedures the patient may be having.
Q2) Platelet count
A)70 to 110 mg/100 mL
B)75 to 100 mm Hg
C)150,000 to 300,000/mm<sup>3</sup>
D)Females: 12 to 16 g/100 mL; Males: 13 to 18 g/100 mL
E)Females: 37% to 48%; Males: 45% to 52%
Q3) The Glasgow Coma scale measures the level of consciousness of a patient.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Geriatric Patient
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person with Parkinson's disease will exhibit:
A) an ability to perform daily living activities unimpeded.
B) an expressive face.
C) normal gait.
D) pill rolling.
Q2) Which of the following is considered a risk factor for skin breakdown?
A) Checking the skin often
B) Clean,dry skin
C) Frequent turning while in bed
D) Presence of infection in the patient
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of aging?
A) Decreased cardiac output
B) Feelings of isolation
C) Reduction in lung elasticity
D) Thickening of arteries and capillaries
Q4) Adding a pressure-relieving cushion to a wheelchair is one way to prevent pressure ulcers.
A)True
B)False
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