Introduction to Nursing Science
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Nursing Science offers students a comprehensive overview of the foundational principles and concepts that underpin the nursing profession. This course explores the history and evolution of nursing, examines contemporary roles and responsibilities of nurses, and introduces students to the nursing process as a systematic approach to client care. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based practice, ethical and legal considerations, communication skills, and cultural competency in diverse healthcare settings. Students will also be introduced to basic health assessment techniques, the importance of professional development, and the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration within the healthcare team.
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Nursing Research in Canada Methods Critical Appraisal and Utilization 3rd Canadian Edition by
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) Taking into account the future priorities of nursing research,which of the following studies would most likely be funded by the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation (CHSRF)?
A) This study used a school-based community sample (N = 920) to examine trajectories of depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and expressed anger in the critical years of emerging adulthood (ages 18-25).
B) To identify reasons for lower organ donation rates by Blacks, knowledge and attitudes about brain death, donation, and transplantation and trust in the health care system were examined.
C) An exploratory study was undertaken with a racially diverse group of custodial grandfathers to fill a gap in the literature about the vulnerability for elder abuse, exploitation, and neglect as expressed by older Black, Latino, and White custodial grandfathers.
D) A multicentre, international clinical trial was conducted in 3,500 patients with documented coronary heart disease to determine whether a brief education and counseling intervention delivered by a nurse can reduce pre-hospital delay in the face of symptoms of ACS.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) In an article reporting the results of a qualitative study that used inductive reasoning methods,where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
A) Introduction
B) Methods
C) Statistical Analysis
D) Discussion
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following sequences represents movement from a greater level of abstraction to a more concrete relationship between concepts?
A) Conceptual model, theory, hypothesis
B) Theory, hypothesis, conceptual model
C) Hypothesis, conceptual model, theory
D) Hypothesis, theory, conceptual model
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Q1) Which of the following activities or situations is a hallmark of critical reading?
A) Checking the age of the author
B) Clarifying unfamiliar concepts or terms
C) Memorizing key sentences within the text
D) Understanding the concepts at first reading
Answer: B
Q2) You were reading a nursing research article on comparing methods of teaching patients newly diagnosed with diabetes about self-administering insulin by injection.You found that you had to read the article four times before you were comfortable evaluating the accuracy and quality of the reported results.How would you interpret this situation?
A) You were reading the article too fast to comprehend key concepts.
B) The article is written at a level too high for your analytical skills.
C) You were probably using critical reading skills to analyze the article.
D) Your knowledge of diabetes is insufficient.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which of the following hypotheses is nondirectional?
A) A hospital with an infection control nurse will have fewer instances of sepsis among inpatients than will a hospital without an infection control nurse.
B) Greater weight loss will be seen among dieting patients who receive a weekly supportive telephone call from a dietitian than among dieting patients who do not receive a weekly supportive phone call.
C) A difference in the stage of prostate cancer will be seen among men who had an abnormal result from prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) screening compared with men who had an abnormal result from digital rectal examination ( DRE ) screening.
D) Children who receive weekly counselling for 1 year after the death of a parent will perform better in school than will children who do not receive weekly counselling after the death of a parent.
Q2) The initial review of the literature helps the investigator:
A) organize the summary.
B) identify statistical tests.
C) identify the need to extend knowledge base.
D) determine the scope of the study.
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) How is the review of literature different for reports of qualitative studies and reports of quantitative studies?
A) Literature review has no role in qualitative research.
B) Articles for literature review in qualitative studies are largely drawn from secondary sources.
C) Often the literature review for a qualitative study is not conducted until after the study has been completed.
D) The processes involved in literature review are the same for both qualitative and quantitative studies.
Q2) Some reviews of the literature are organized according to:
A) retrieved materials.
B) theoretical summaries.
C) importance of the author.
D) variables being studied.
Q3) Which of the following selections demonstrates a Boolean connection?
A) Explode topic
B) Limit to abstracts
C) Search from 1995 to 2001
D) Search diabetes diagnosis and treatment
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A person gives consent to participate in a study,is assigned to an intervention group,and is expected to remain in the study for 1 year.Which of the following ethical principles is violated if after 6 months the subjects in the treatment group have more problems than do the control subjects but the researcher does not allow the members of the treatment group to stop the treatment?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Preserving Dignity
Q2) Which of the following ethical guidelines describes a prospective subject's freedom to participate or not participate in a research study?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which part of the following research question constitutes its context?
"What is the grief experience of women over 30 from rural Saskatchewan who have experienced a late-stage pregnancy loss?"
A) Late-stage pregnancy loss
B) Women over 30
C) Grief experience
D) Saskatchewan
Q2) Which of the following study purposes and methodological procedures is inappropriate for qualitative methods?
A) Testing of a new hypothesis
B) Using an intensive approach to data collection
C) Using inductive analysis with the captured data
D) Examining individual responses to a nonmodifiable situation
Q3) Metasynthesis involves:
A) developing typologies as results of qualitative investigations.
B) different hierarchies of evidence as compared with quantitative studies.
C) interpreting various qualitative studies to reveal similarities and differences.
D) a systematic review of the literature involving classic and recent studies.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which of the following specific major premises of grounded theory is represented when the members of a nation are outraged by their nation's flag being burned by the members of another nation?
A) Social interactions are the focus of grounded theory.
B) Humans respond to objects on the basis of the meanings those objects have for them.
C) People use interpretive processes in order to deal with or change the meanings of their situations.
D) Personal meanings arise from interactions with others over time and are perceived through one's individual world view.
Q2) Which of the following qualitative research approaches is most commonly used for theory building?
A) Case study
B) Phenomenology
C) Grounded theory
D) Ethnographic method
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following factors would be considered a mediating variable among potential subjects in a study to determine whether high doses of vitamin C are helpful in reducing susceptibility to influenza?
A) Gender and religion of the potential subjects
B) The subjects' previous experience with influenza
C) The subjects having received influenza vaccination
D) The educational level and marital status of the potential subjects
Q2) Which of the following situations represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental study measuring the effect of audio-taped instructions to patients being discharged home after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
A) Both men and women were included as subjects in the study.
B) Two new surgeons recently began performing the coronary artery bypass graft surgeries.
C) Patients in the experimental group passed their tapes on to those in the control group receiving usual care.
D) Data collection took 1 year.
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following factors or characteristics is present only in an experimental design (and not in a quasiexperimental design)?
A) Research question or hypothesis
B) Experimental treatment
C) Informed consent
D) Randomization
Q2) A study compared weight loss in obese subjects between those who participated in a support group and those who chose not to.Which of the following factors or conditions in the study would be considered an intervening variable?
A) Data collection for both groups occurred over the Thanksgiving holiday.
B) The group that did not participate in a support group had a greater percentage of male subjects.
C) Three subjects were diagnosed with hypertension 1 month after the study began.
D) Two subjects dropped out of the study 1 month after the study began.
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Chapter 11: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) In a study of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer,data collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during their first year of living with breast cancer.What type of study design does this exemplify?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Correlational
Q2) Which of the following is an advantage of studies that use a longitudinal or prospective design?
A) The data obtained are focused and deep.
B) The study overall is more manageable for the researcher.
C) The issue of maturation as a threat to internal validity is avoided in this design.
D) This design does not require the use of tools or instrumentation.
Q3) Which of the following statements about cross-sectional studies is true?
A) More than one group can be compared.
B) Only descriptive data can be measured.
C) Data are collected retrospectively, rather than prospectively.
D) Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which of the following is the process of selecting representative units of a population for a research investigation?
A) Sampling
B) Snowballing
C) Delimitation
D) Random assignment
Q2) How are population and sample different?
A) A sample can be an object or an event; a population refers to individuals or groups of people.
B) A population has a broad set of defining characteristics, whereas a sample has a narrow set of defining characteristics.
C) A population is a representative segment of a defined sample.
D) A sample is a representative segment of a defined population.
Q3) Why should a researcher avoid drawing conclusions or making generalizations based on the experiences of a small number of participants?
A) Small samples invalidate hypotheses.
B) The researcher may be unable to eliminate his or her bias.
C) Data obtained from a small number may represent the phenomenon inadequately.
D) Small samples increase historical threats to internal validity.
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Chapter 13: Data-Collection Methods
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Q1) Which of the following types of observational role is exemplified by the use of a focus group interview and audiotaping of group interactions?
A) Concealment with intervention
B) Concealment without intervention
C) No concealment with intervention
D) No concealment without intervention
Q2) In a study conducted at a large long-term care facility,two data collectors examined 56 pressure ulcers on 40 different subjects.The examinations were independently performed but on the same day.A comparison of the results indicated that the data collectors,who used the Braden Scale for pressure ulcer assessment,had identical scores for 54 of the 56 ulcers.What can be determined from this finding?
A) Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was high.
B) Interrater reliability between the two data collectors was low.
C) The data collection method was inappropriate for the phenomenon under investigation.
D) In order to establish interrater reliability, both data collectors should have examined each pressure ulcer at the same time.
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) Which of the following terms is applied to variability in test scores being attributed to error rather than to actual differences in behaviour?
A) Random error
B) Variance error
C) Persistent error
D) Systematic error
Q2) The reliability coefficient of a new instrument designed to measure anxiety is established at 0.86.What is the correct interpretation of this finding?
A) High error variance; high reliability
B) High error variance; low reliability
C) Low error variance; high reliability
D) Low error variance; low reliability
Q3) Which of the following characteristics describes an instrument that is administered repeatedly and obtains the same results?
A) Validity
B) Reliability
C) Consistency
D) Predictability
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following is the kind of data analysis that leads to the development of a cultural inventory?
A) Phenomenological
B) Grounded theory
C) Ethnographic
D) Historical
Q2) What is the contribution of qualitative computer software to the research process?
A) Interpretation of data
B) Management of data
C) Credibility of data
D) Analysis of data
Q3) Which of the following is a common feature of different approaches to qualitative data analysis?
A) Researchers sort through the data to identify similar phrases, patterns, themes, sequences.
B) Researchers avoid making generalizations from the data.
C) Researchers apply constant comparison analysis to develop concepts and theories.
D) Researchers analyze field note data to describe the phenomenon of focus.
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) What level of measurement is indicated by the following categories of weight class for boxing?
Lightweight 57-61 kilograms
Welterweight 62-67 kilograms
Middleweight 67-72 kilograms
Heavy middleweight 73-80 kilograms
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
Q2) In a study about the willingness of nurses to provide care to patients with AIDS,it was found that the deeper the nurses' spirituality,the greater was the willingness to provide care.What type of correlation does this finding represent?
A) No correlation
B) Perfect correlation
C) Positive correlation
D) Negative correlation
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Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) Which of the following should be included in the results section of a research report?
A) A list of the cited literature
B) Interpretation of the data
C) Objective presentation of the research design
D) Recommendations for future research
Q2) What is exemplified by the following statement made by the researcher?
"This study represents an example of the importance of expanding the concept of family-centred care by providing health promotion services to family caregivers.Nurses working with children with special health care needs must take advantage of opportunities to promote the family's health."
A) Results of a study
B) Analysis of study data
C) Implications for nursing practice
D) Recommendations for future research
Q3) Which of the following are included in the findings of a study?
A) Data collection and transcription
B) Results and discussion
C) Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis
D) Theoretical framework and conceptualization
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Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) What process should you,as a nurse,engage in before attempting to apply the results of a qualitative study in your own practice?
A) Use of triangulation to compare the study findings with those obtained by other investigations of the same phenomenon
B) Validation of the findings through interaction with people similar to study participants
C) Examination of the credentials of the person who conducted the study
D) Replication of the study
Q2) How can qualitative research contribute to the development of structured research instruments such as surveys?
A) A qualitative study can take the place of a survey, reducing the need for research instruments.
B) The numeric data that result from a qualitative study will guide instrument development.
C) A preliminary study can help the researcher ground the survey questions in the reality of human experience.
D) Only quantitative research can contribute to the development of structured research instruments.
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Where in a report of a quantitative research study would you expect the gaps or conflicts about the studied phenomenon to be identified?
A) Analysis of data
B) Research design
C) Problem statement
D) Review of the literature
Q2) What is suggested by the following statement found in the study by Hudson,Elek,and Campbell-Grossman,entitled,"Depression,Self-Esteem,Loneliness,and Social Support Among Adolescent Mothers Participating in the New Mothers' Project"?
"The high CES-D scores may indicate selection bias."
A) Implications for practice
B) Limitations of the study
C) Generalizability of the study
D) Recommendations for future research
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) How do "opinion leaders" influence their peers among the staff to adhere to the specific new EIP standard?
A) Bringing in consulting experts
B) Role-modelling the new practice
C) Evaluating the supporting research data
D) Pressuring the staff to adopt the proposed changes
Q2) Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation Model describes the uptake of knowledge as:
A) linear.
B) logical.
C) dynamic.
D) inductive.
Q3) The use of research findings to promote the adoption of evidence-informed practice guidelines can be described as:
A) dissemination activities.
B) translating research into practice (TRIP).
C) research utilization.
D) critiquing findings.
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