Introduction to Neuroscience Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Neuroscience offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles underlying the structure and function of the nervous system. Students will explore topics such as neuronal and glial cell biology, mechanisms of neural signaling, synaptic transmission, brain development, sensory and motor systems, and higher cognitive functions including learning, memory, and emotion. The course emphasizes both cellular and systems-level perspectives, integrating insights from anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology, and highlights current research and methods used to study the brain and nervous system.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by
A)the structure of their surface convolutions.
B)their structure at the cellular level.
C)the complex functions they perform.
D)the basic functions they perform.
Answer: B
Q2) Noam Chomsky argued that the structure of human languages is ________,in contrast to B.F.Skinner's assertion that languages are ________.
A)innate / learned
B)learned / universal
C)universal / rational
D)rational / innate
Answer: A
Q3) The Gestalt psychologists argued that
A)complex processes like memory can be measured and analyzed.
B)psychological experiences can be related precisely to the physical properties of light and sound.
C)most knowledge comes from sensory experience.
D)percepts are best understood in relation to a stimulus's emergent properties.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) During electrotonic,or decremental,conduction,the distance covered by an ionic current will be affected by all of the following factors EXCEPT
A)the amplitude of the original current.
B)the resistance of the neuronal membrane.
C)the frequency of action potential generation.
D)the conductivity of the intracellular and extracellular fluid.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following cells devour and remove damaged brain cells?
A)Astrocytes
B)Microglia
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
A)Astrocytes
B)Microglia
C)Oligodendrocytes
D)Schwann cells
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The morphology of the brain of Albert Einstein revealed an unusual Sylvian fissure-the division that separates the ________ lobe from the ________ lobes.
A)occipital / frontal and parietal
B)temporal / frontal and parietal
C)frontal / temporal and occipital
D)parietal / temporal and occipital
Answer: B
Q2) The central sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ________ lobe from the ________ lobe.
A)temporal / frontal
B)frontal / parietal
C)parietal / occipital
D)occipital / temporal
Answer: B
Q3) The term commissure refers to the white matter tracts that connect the brain and spinal cord.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is the science of simulating natural cognitive processes on computers.
A)Mental chronometry
B)Neuropsychology
C)Artificial intelligence
D)Cognitive psychology
Q2) The field of ________ is based on the idea that perception and thought employ mental representations that undergo transformations as they are used.
A)neuropsychology
B)computer modeling
C)cognitive psychology
D)neuroimaging
Q3) A brain tumor that originates as an abnormal growth of cells from the dura mater is a A)glioma.
B)meningioma.
C)metastatic tumor.
D)neuroma.
Q4) What are some relative strengths and weaknesses of individual case studies as compared to group studies in neuropsychology?
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The two parts of the cochlear nucleus are (the)________ and (the)________.
A)magnocellular nucleus / angular nucleus
B)lateral geniculate / medial geniculate
C)superior colliculus / pulvinar
D)MT / V4
Q2) Why might it be computationally useful for the primate brain to have so many different visual areas?
Q3) Different parts of the body are represented in the primary somatosensory cortex in proportion to their size.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Konishi's model of spatial hearing in the barn owl posits that interaural time is computed using ________,whereas interaural intensity differences are computed using ________.
A)relative rate of firing / coincidence detectors
B)coincidence detectors / relative rate of firing
C)unimodal processing / multimodal integration
D)multimodal integration / unimodal processing
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Q1) According to Farah (1990),who has studied syndromes such as prosopagnosia and alexia,holistic analysis is to analysis by parts as ________ is to ________.
A)face recognition / reading
B)reading / face recognition
C)writing / reading
D)reading / writing
Q2) It has been suggested that the fusiform gyrus is specialized for processing faces.What are the sources of evidence for and against this position?
Q3) Patients with apperceptive agnosia typically present with large scotomas or a hemianopsia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts.
A)Ensemble coding
B)Object constancy
C)Apperceptive agnosia
D)Geon perception
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8
Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Q1) The neurotransmitter responsible for translating action potentials into mechanical actions at muscles is
A)norepinephrine.
B)dopamine.
C)acetylcholine.
D)serotonin.
Q2) Simple reflexive motor responses to external stimuli rely primarily on the function of the ________,whereas motor behaviors that are only minimally dependent on such external cues rely primarily on the function of the ________.
A)basal ganglia / spinal cord
B)cerebellum / brainstem
C)spinal cord / motor cortex
D)motor cortex / brainstem
Q3) Which of the following types of motor behavior probably relies the most on the function of a central pattern generator?
A)Walking
B)Speaking
C)Drawing
D)Juggling
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research using the mismatch field (MMF),which is the magnetic equivalent of the mismatch negativity (MMN),has suggested that auditory sensory memory has a duration of about
A)10 milliseconds.
B)100 milliseconds.
C)1 second.
D)10 seconds.
Q2) Of the following choices,damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad,or visual working memory.
A)parietal-occipital cortex
B)medial temporal lobe
C)hippocampus
D)perisylvian region
Q3) One of the most well-known neuropsychological case studies is the person known as Patient H.M.Describe the region of the brain that was damaged in H.M.and the resulting neuropsychological deficits and dissociations for which his case is known.
Q4) Describe the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP).How does blocking LTP affect memory?
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Chapter 9: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is typically true of people with bilateral damage to the amygdala?
A)They do not produce a full range of facial expressions.
B)They are impaired at perceiving a small range of facial expressions.
C)They are unable to recognize emotional prosody.
D)All of the above.
Q2) Fear conditioning is a more specific instance of
A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)explicit memory.
D)semantic memory.
Q3) In one conceptualization of emotions (Davidson et al. ,1990),some emotional states such as happiness and surprise create a tendency to ________,whereas other emotional states such as fear and disgust create a tendency to ________.
A)approach / withdraw
B)withdraw / approach
C)assess directly / assess indirectly
D)assess indirectly / assess directly
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Chapter 10: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person with conduction aphasia is most likely to have difficulty in A)comprehending spoken language.
B)speaking fluently.
C)repeating spoken language.
D)understanding function words like "if" or "but."
Q2) The immediate assignment of syntactic structure of incoming words is known as parsing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Modular models of language comprehension argue for a high degree of interactivity between different specialized modules.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Saying the word "horse" when intending to say the word "cow" is an example of a semantic paraphasia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe Hagoort's model of language,including its three functional components and the brain areas to which they relate.
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Q1) In an experiment testing their views about hemispheric specialization,Wolford and colleagues (2000)presented the visual fields of split-brain patients with red stimuli on 75% of the trials and with green stimuli on 25% of the trials.The predictions made by the patients concerning whether a red or green stimulus would occur on the next trial suggested that the ________ hemisphere tends to take a ________ strategy,which in this case meant guessing red on every trial.
A)left / matching
B)left / maximizing
C)right / matching
D)right / maximizing
Q2) If a split-brain patient with the typical pattern of language dominance is shown an object briefly in her left visual field,she will be able to indicate what she saw successfully if she is asked to
A)speak its name.
B)point to the object using her left hand.
C)point to the object using her right hand.
D)verbally describe,rather than name,the object.
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Q1) The primary functional problem that results from posterior parietal injury and that produces the neglect syndrome is that patients
A)fail to process sensory information from the ipsilesional side of space.
B)fail to process sensory information from the contralesional side of space.
C)cannot disengage attention from information in the ipsilesional side of space.
D)cannot disengage attention from information in the contralesional side of space.
Q2) Alexandra believes that the effects of attention on perception occur very quickly on a fine temporal scale.Which of the following techniques should she use to investigate the changes in perceptual processing that may accompany focused attention?
A)CT (computed tomography)
B)PET (positron emission tomography)
C)MEG (magnetoencephalography)
D)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Q3) ERP studies of visual and auditory attention suggest that early ERP components like the P1 and N1 are not modulated by the participant's attentional state.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Q1) Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex,in which this area is a repository of representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The human analog of the delayed-response task that is used as a test of cognitive development in human infants is the ________ task.
A)delayed-reward
B)object permanence
C)sensorimotor development
D)conservation of quantity
Q3) Which patient group is most likely to be impaired on a task in which one must decide which of two pictures was seen most recently?
A)Patients with frontal lobe injuries
B)Patients with temporal lobe injuries
C)Patients with parietal lobe injuries
D)Patients with occipital lobe injuries
Q4) Provide an example of a delayed-response task.How has this task informed our understanding of the prefrontal cortex?
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15
Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Q1) In an experiment by William Kelley and colleagues,participants judged personality adjectives in relation to either themselves or the U.S.president.The results suggested that memory for words processed in relation to the self was ________ than that for words processed in relation to the U.S.president,and that the former condition resulted in greater neural activity in the ________ cortex.
A)better / orbitofrontal
B)worse / orbitofrontal
C)better / medial prefrontal
D)worse / medial prefrontal
Q2) When reading series of statements such as "At the party,he was the first to start dancing on the table," the ________ is more active when making a personality inference as opposed to remembering the order of the statements.
A)orbitofrontal cortex
B)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C)anterior cingulate cortex
D)medial prefrontal cortex
Q3) Describe the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the perception of the self and of others.How might the two be related?
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between homology and homoplasy? Provide an example of each.
Q2) Imagine that you have just documented a particular allele whose presence strongly correlates with two different traits.This is an example of A)pleiotropy.
B)specificity.
C)adaptation.
D)exaptation.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a basic premise of natural selection proposed by Darwin?
A)Individuals within a population vary and are not identical.
B)Some of this variation is heritable.
C)Heritable traits are encoded in DNA.
D)Not all individuals are equally successful at reproducing.
Q4) Reading is an example of a fixed action pattern. A)True B)False
Q5) Bullock's three aims of comparative neuroscience are roots,rules,and relevance. A)True
B)False
17
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