Introduction to Natural Hazards
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Natural Hazards explores the scientific principles and processes behind various natural hazards, including earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires. The course examines the causes, frequency, and impact of these events on society and the environment, as well as methods used to assess, predict, and mitigate their effects. Students will develop an understanding of risk analysis, historical case studies, and approaches to disaster preparedness and response, with an emphasis on the interplay between natural systems and human activities.
Recommended Textbook
Natural Disasters 1st Canadian Edition by Patrick Leon Abbott
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14 Chapters
917 Verified Questions
917 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Global and Canadian Outlook on Natural Disasters
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The world population of humans is growing at a rate of ______% per year.
A) 0.02
B) 0.12
C) 1.2
D) 12
E) 22
Answer: C
Q2) Van der Vink's study compared deaths by natural disaster to the levels of _______ and _______.
A) world population;food production
B) industry production;food production
C) water usage;medical care
D) democracy;country preparedness
E) democracy;economic development
Answer: E
Q3) The terms preparedness,mitigation and adaptation describe actions performed when disaster strikes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Earths Internal Energy and Plate Tectonics
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The distribution of several fossils on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the continuity of geologic structure on different continents suggests that all the continents were once part of Pangaea.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The law of gravity states that two bodies attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the ___________ of the distance between them.
A) first power
B) square
C) cube
D) square root
Answer: B
Q3) Both temperature and pressure decrease continuously from the Earth's surface to the core.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Earthquake Geology, Seismology, and Engineering
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The point where a fault first ruptures underground is known as the epicentre.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The moment magnitude is more accurate than the classical Richter scale because it is tied directly to physical parameters such as fault-rupture area,fault slip,and energy release,and because other earthquake scales use indirect measures such as how much a seismograph needle moves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The epicentres at divergent zones follow the ______________ and appear at _______ depths.
A) stretched lithosphere;long
B) subduction zone;shallow
C) C,triple junction;long
D) thin and stretched lithosphere;shallow
E) trench zone;shallow
Answer: D
Page 5
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Chapter 4: When the Earth Shakes in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Western Quebec has been the site of at least four significant interplate earthquakes.Which of the following hypotheses explain why?
A) A geologically new rift is opening along the Ottawa River Valley.
B) Subsurface fracturing due to a 350 million old meteor impact event.
C) Subsurface fracturing due to igneous intrusion as the North American plate moves over a hot spot.
D) They are triggered by the weight of water held in multiple hydroelectric dams in the area.
Q2) Steam injection and "fracking" are used for ______ and _______ generate small magnitude earthquakes.
A) crude oil extraction from tar sands;cannot
B) crude oil extraction from tar sands;can
C) gold extraction;can
D) copper and zinc extraction from deep underground;cannot
E) energy production;can
Q3) Earthquakes along the Queen Charlotte fault share many similarities with the Cascadia Subduction Zone.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Volcanic Eruptions and Landforms
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lava domes form when high viscosity magma with low volatile content cools quickly,forming a hardened dome a few metres to a kilometre or so in height.
A)True
B)False
Q2) No magmas contain dissolved gases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The three Vs of volcanology are ____________________.
A) viscosity,volatiles,velocity
B) viscosity,volatiles,volume
C) viscosity,velocity,volume
D) volatiles,volume,variability
E) volatiles,velocity,variability
Q4) When it comes to volcanic hazards,the key problem is how easily the dissolved gases can escape from the magma.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Volcano Case Histories : Killer Events
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54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pyroclastic flows cannot travel down all sides of a volcano simultaneously.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which one of the following variables is not needed for volcanism to have an effect on global weather?
A) The size and rate of the eruptions
B) The height of eruption columns
C) The types of gases and atmospheric level they reach
D) Low-latitude eruptions
E) Rainfall at the time of the eruption
Q3) Southwestern British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (Washington and Oregon)have long-term risk for both explosive volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Volcanic eruptions are relatively peaceful above continental hot spots,such as Hawaii while eruptions above oceanic hot spots,such as Yellowstone National Park may be very explosive.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Tsunamis
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A tsunami source was revealed by the mapping of the ocean bottom around the Hawaiian Islands.What did geologists discover on the seafloor in this area?
A) A major undersea volcano
B) A huge undersea meteor crater
C) A deep ocean trench along a subduction zone
D) A system of 25 major oceanic transform faults
E) Slumps and debris avalanches formed by at least 70 volcanic flank collapses
Q2) Worldwide,approximately one volcano flank collapse occurs every ______ years.
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) 10,000
E) 100,000
Q3) In general,any fault movements,but especially transform faults,can produce tsunamis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A knee-high tsunami wave is less dangerous than a taller wave.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Ever Changing Climate
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important process in the global redistribution of solar energy on Earth is(are)______________________.
A) atmospheric winds
B) the circulation of deep-ocean currents
C) the Hadley,Ferrel,and polar convection cells
D) the polar and subtropical jet streams
E) the surface circulation of water through the oceans
Q2) Methane has about a 21-times stronger capacity to trap heat as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Canada,global climate computer models forecast that winter temperature will increase the most.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Weather and climate processes and disasters are fuelled by _________.
A) nuclear fusion
B) solar energy
C) radioactive decay
D) magnetization
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Severe Weather
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a La Nina event which of the following is most likely to occur?
A) Strengthening of the trade winds
B) Drought in Australia
C) Fewer hurricanes along the Atlantic coast
D) All of these are correct
E) Both the strengthening of the trade winds and drought in Australia
Q2) Adiabatic cooling of rising air results in a ______ per kilometre decrease in temperature.
A) 5°C
B) 10°C
C) 15°C
D) 20°C
Q3) Typical fatalities occurring during blizzards include all but which of the following?
A) Buried by snowdrifts and asphyxiated
B) Heart attack while shoveling snow
C) Freezing
D) Ice slip and fall accidents
E) Road accidents
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Chapter 10: Hurricanes
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the ways to protect buildings against hurricane winds is to build low-pitch roofs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When hurricanes come ashore and travel inland they begin to decline because ___________.
A) there is more friction on land and that causes them to lose strength
B) the Coriolis effect is not sufficient to sustain them over land
C) the low pressure system associated with inland masses absorbs the hurricane's energy
D) they are cut off from warm water,their main source of energy
Q3) The main influences on most of the Atlantic hurricane paths include all but which of the following?
A) Trade winds blow the tropical cyclone toward the west.
B) Hurricane paths vary depending on the size of the Bermuda High.
C) Hurricane paths vary depending on the position of the Bermuda High.
D) Hurricane paths vary depending on the size and position of the Bermuda Triangle.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Floods
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hydrographs often show that following peak discharge,stream level
A) returns rapidly to pre-flood base flow conditions
B) does not fall as rapidly as it rose due to groundwater moving into the stream
C) the flooding is the same because the amount of water is the same
Q2) "Natural dams" may be formed by all of the following except:
A) mass movement.
B) lava flows.
C) advance or retreat of glaciers.
D) combination of lava flows and glaciers.
E) building a dam.
Q3) To mitigate future disasters after the 8<sup>th</sup> of July 2013 storm,the City of Toronto is encouraging ___________.
A) residents to leave the city areas which experienced urban flooding
B) residents to install flood-prevention devices (internal plumbing)
C) residents to build green roofs
D) residents to cover their backyards with impervious materials
E) residents to pay more insurance,so that insurance companies may cover complete flood damage
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Fire
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The worst bushfires in Australia coincide with El-Nino events.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Heat flows outward from a fire by ______________________.
A) diffusion of particles from hotter to cooler areas
B) radiation from flames and hot surfaces
C) convection of hot,lightweight buoyant gases that rise
D) all of these are correct
Q3) According to current studies,the impact of climate change on fire-season severity in Canada is expected to vary regionally,with some areas experiencing increased activity and others lower activity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In effect,the solar energy stored by plants during their growth is ___________________.
A) returned to the atmosphere during fire
B) lost forever during fire
C) used to produce ozone during fire
D) returned to their roots during fire
E) negligibly small
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Mass Movements and Snow Avalanches
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coal miners,trapped underground by the Frank slide,dug through several metres of coal and limestone to escape to the surface.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Before a hillside begins to move downslope,it must overcome
A) inertia and friction
B) inertia and gravity
C) gravity and friction
D) gravity and creep
Q3) Translational slide masses behave in all but which of these different fashions?
A) They may remain basically coherent as block slides.
B) The sliding mass may deform and disintegrate to form a debris slide.
C) Lateral spreading may occur where the underlying material fails and flows,thus causing the overlying coherent material to break apart and move.
D) Their movement is predominately vertically downward.
Q4) Flows are mass movements that behave like liquids and are often named based on the particle size the material moving downslope.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Hazards From Space
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Geomagnetic disturbances were first noticed on the telephone network.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Asteroids are distinguished from meteorites by their composition.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Meteor Crater formed about 50,000 years ago and the enormous impact energy
A) pulverized about 100 million tonnes of rock
B) sent out a shock wave that levelled all the trees in the region
C) excavated a crater about the same as the diameter of the meteorite
D) All of these are correct.
E) pulverized about 100 million tonnes of rock and sent out a shock wave that leveled all the trees in the region.
Q4) The four inner planets are small,close together,near the Sun,and rocky.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The relative numbers of incoming space debris are not related to their size.
A)True
B)False
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