Introduction to Law Enforcement Textbook Exam
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Law Enforcement provides students with a foundational understanding of the roles, functions, and structures of law enforcement agencies within the criminal justice system. The course covers the historical development of policing, the legal and ethical responsibilities of officers, and the challenges faced by modern law enforcement. Students will explore key topics such as law enforcement organization, patrol strategies, community relations, use of force, and career opportunities in the field. Through case studies and discussions, the course also examines contemporary issues including police accountability, diversity, and the impact of technology on policing practices.
Recommended Textbook Police Crime Control Strategies 1st Edition by Larry Hoover
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Police Crime Control Strategy Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the 1960s,academic programs in criminal justice/law enforcement grew at a rate best described by the term
A) slow but sure.
B) gradual.
C) steady.
D) explosive.
Answer: D
Q2) Evaluations of foot patrol in Newark,New Jersey; Flint,Michigan; and Alberta,Canada consistently indicated that foot patrol results in
A) an enormous impact on crime rates.
B) substantial impact on crime rates.
C) minimal impact on crime rates.
D) substantial increases in reported crime.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Police Effect on Crime
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Q1) Chicago's Violence Initiative Strategy Evaluation (VISE)program is best characterized as a classic model of
A) community policing.
B) problem-oriented policing.
C) Compstat.
D) crackdowns.
Answer: C
Q2) Pessimism regarding the potential police impact on crime was reinforced by the A) Kansas City Gun Reduction Experiment.
B) Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment.
C) San Diego Field Interrogation Experiment.
D) Newport News Problem-Oriented Policing Evaluation.
Answer: B
Q3) Evidence-based analysis indicates that a promising realm of effectiveness includes A) the cultivation of diffusion.
B) focused, place-based, and proactive characteristics.
C) a community-oriented emphasis.
D) a problem-oriented emphasis.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Role of Community Policing
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Q1) The classical misuse of the concept of community policing is characterizing it as A) a deployment model.
B) everything that works in policing.
C) an analytic tool.
D) a philosophy rather than a strategy.
Answer: B
Q2) Cordner's assessment of published reports of the effect of community policing reported results as
A) overwhelmingly positive.
B) overwhelmingly negative.
C) mixed.
D) never directly identified.
Answer: C
Q3) A community policing program particularly subject to cost-benefit analysis is A) neighborhood watch.
B) citizen advising groups.
C) problem solving using the full SARA model.
D) specialized community policing roles/positions.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Focusing Community Policing and Problem-Solving on Crime Reduction
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Q1) A source of conflict between problem-oriented efforts versus those that are enforcement focused is
A) saving resources, not consuming them.
B) the focus on crime versus disorder.
C) a long- versus short-term perspective.
D) the use of crime analysis.
Q2) The success bias in recording the results of problem-solving efforts emanates from which of the following?
A) Federal funding requires success.
B) Awards are only given for success stories.
C) Researcher bias is always present.
D) Promotions in rank are based upon success.
Q3) The "Three Citizens' Model" includes which of the following programs?
A) civil service systems
B) citizen complaint boards
C) citizen review boards
D) citizens on patrol
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Page 6
Chapter 5: A Typology of Crime Reduction Strategies
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Q1) O.W.Wilson's landmark book Police Administration (1950)addressed the multiple purposes of law enforcement but focused on
A) crime control.
B) community engagement.
C) problem solving.
D) CPTED.
Q2) Which of the following best represents an appropriate target in the strategy of offense targeting?
A) burglary
B) daytime single-family residence burglaries
C) violent crime
D) disorder
Q3) Formal,articulated crime control approaches have existed since the development of A) community-oriented policing in the 1970s.
B) Compstat in the NYPD in the 1990s.
C) hot spots concentrated patrol in the 2000s.
D) Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) over 50 years ago.
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Chapter 6: Geographic Targeting Strategies
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Q1) A hot spot is commonly defined as an area where crime is
A) increasing rapidly.
B) predominantly violent crime rather than property crime.
C) substantially higher than the jurisdiction norm.
D) substantially higher than the Uniform Crime Report average.
Q2) The worst 10 percent of locations in Boston accounted for approximately what percent of calls-for-service?
A) 10 percent
B) 13 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 90 percent
Q3) The primary risk of zero-tolerance crackdowns is captured by the phrase,"victimizing the __________."
A) victims
B) innocent
C) youth
D) disenfranchised
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Chapter 7: Offense Targeting Strategies
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Q1) Where used,bait vehicles account for what amount of auto-theft arrests?
A) minuscule
B) significant proportion
C) majority
D) nearly all
Q2) Suppressible street crime includes the offense of A) larceny from a motor vehicle.
B) acquaintance rape.
C) embezzlement.
D) domestic violence.
Q3) During a drug distribution crackdown in Indianapolis,it was found that citizens
A) protected the drug dealers because citizens hated the police.
B) protected drug dealers because they generated neighborhood income.
C) wanted to help police but were afraid of the dealers.
D) universally cheered the police effort.
Q4) The use of mind-altering chemicals is
A) a product of modern chemistry.
B) a product of modern pharmacology.
C) a post-World War II phenomenon.
D) as old as human civilization.
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Chapter 8: Offender Targeting Strategies
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Q1) Lever pulling is an enforcement approach typically focused on
A) deterring preteens from joining a gang.
B) property offenses committed by youth gangs.
C) chronically offending gang-involved youth.
D) networked adult street gangs.
Q2) The emotions experienced by officers assigned to undercover surveillance are best described by the term
A) tedious.
B) exhilarating.
C) feverish.
D) overwrought.
Q3) A common offender-based intervention is focused on
A) offenders creating disorder.
B) traffic offenders.
C) identity thieves.
D) transnational offenders.
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Chapter 9: Compstat and Crime Control
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Q1) Under the Compstat accountability model,the focus of accountability is on what role?
A) chief of police (sheriff)
B) assistant chiefs
C) unit commanders
D) patrol officers
Q2) Ultimately,the linkage between Compstat and community policing is best described by which of the following statements?
A) At the core, they reflect the same approach to crime control.
B) Compstat is a variant of community policing.
C) Community policing is a variant of Compstat.
D) Compstat is an alternative to community policing.
Q3) Whether Compstat conflicts with community-oriented policing depends primarily on A) one's definition of community-oriented policing.
B) one's definition of Compstat.
C) whether problem solving is part of Compstat.
D) whether data-driven deployment is part of Compstat.
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11
Chapter 10: Conducting Crime Strategy Meetings
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Q1) The degree of confrontation in the early days of Compstat in NYPD was likely a product of
A) local culture.
B) jumpstarting a moribund organization.
C) both culture and the need to jumpstart.
D) the personalities of the top command staff.
Q2) The use of GIS as part of crime analysis among agencies with 100+ officers now approaches ____ of agencies.
A) 50 percent
B) 75 percent
C) 82 percent
D) 100 percent
Q3) According to Compstat doctrine,crime strategy meetings promote brainstorming and creative problem solving; what does research indicate regarding operationalization of this ideal model?
A) near perfect adherence
B) close adherence
C) significant slippage
D) that it is never met
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The Resurrection of Sherlock Holmes
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Q1) The proportion of all offenses classified as "with a reasonable amount of investigative effort might be solved,but certainly will not be solved without such effort" is no larger than
A) 5 percent.
B) 25 percent.
C) 37 percent.
D) 50 percent.
Q2) A sophisticated role of detectives that should be respected in its own right is moving a case from "probable cause" to
A) cleared by arrest.
B) cleared by exception.
C) beyond reasonable doubt.
D) probable perpetrator identification.
Q3) In the year 2000,public perception of the competence of detectives was strongly affected by
A) television programming.
B) mystery novels.
C) the O. J. Simpson and Jon Benét Ramsey cases.
D) false convictions discovered through DNA analysis.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Staffing for Crime Control
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Q1) The percent of resources allocated to investigative functions in a typical urban police agency is
A) 5 percent.
B) 10 percent.
C) 20 percent.
D) 40 percent.
Q2) In which state are police-to-citizen ratios among major municipal jurisdictions likely to be the highest?
A) Alaska
B) California
C) Colorado
D) Pennsylvania
Q3) In comparison to patrol allocation models,development of investigative deployment simulation models is
A) far more developed.
B) somewhat more developed.
C) on a parallel development path.
D) far less developed.
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Chapter 13: Deployment for Crime Control
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Q1) Within agencies focusing on enforcement-oriented crime control,community policing specialists become A) unnecessary.
B) an unproductive resource "sponge."
C) on balance, more of a burden than an asset.
D) fully engaged.
Q2) A new policing role emerging from the reorientation of community policing specialists in Compstat environments is described by the term A) SARAizers.
B) investigators without caseloads.
C) engagement of facilitators.
D) problem solvers.
Q3) The primary issue expressed by Fort Worth,Texas,citizens during the course of an operations analysis of the agency was the lack of A) citizen advisory groups.
B) a citizen police academy.
C) police visibility in neighborhoods.
D) school programs.
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Chapter 14: Limitations on the Police Role
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Q1) The nature of patrol today,compared to its character in previous decades,is best captured by the phrase
A) "everything changes for the better."
B) "change is not always for the better."
C) "fundamentally the same."
D) "fundamentally different, but still challenging."
Q2) The term that describes the human factor that needs to be considered relevant to structured use of emergency standby time is that uncommitted time is also
A) recovery time.
B) professional development time.
C) contemplative time.
D) communication time.
Q3) A lesson to be learned from public attitudes about the deployment of firefighters is which of the following?
A) the importance of geographic dispersal
B) public tolerance of just being on emergency standby
C) public expectation of adequate training
D) the need for clearly defined roles
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16
Chapter 15: Evaluating Strategic Impact
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Q1) Police strategy research was in effect "frozen" for twenty-five years by the
A) community-/problem-oriented policing movement.
B) National Institute of Justice funding policy.
C) initial negative research findings.
D) resistance to change by police associations/unions.
Q2) Domestic violence illustrates what axiom of police crime interdiction efforts?
A) A simple solution is the best solution.
B) Look before you leap.
C) There is no formula or checklist.
D) Consistency is of prime importance.
Q3) After the "Golden Era" of research in the 1970s,strategy evaluations
A) ceased completely.
B) slowed to a crawl.
C) gained momentum.
D) flourished.
Q4) Research on police strategy effectiveness should assume
A) the problem-oriented policing model.
B) the community-oriented model.
C) the Compstat model.
D) no stipulated model.
Page 17
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