Introduction to Human Evolution Test Preparation
Course
Introduction
Introduction to Human Evolution explores the biological and cultural development of humans from our earliest primate ancestors to modern Homo sapiens. The course examines the evidence from fossil records, genetics, comparative anatomy, and archaeological findings to trace the major milestones in human evolution, such as bipedalism, the development of complex tools, language, and societal structures. Students will gain an understanding of evolutionary theory, the mechanisms that drive evolutionary change, and the ways in which humans have adapted to diverse environments over time. This course also discusses the ongoing debates and scientific discoveries that continue to shape our understanding of what it means to be human.
Recommended Textbook
Human Evolution and Culture Highlights of Anthropology 8th Edition by Carol R. Ember
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19 Chapters
1042 Verified Questions
1042 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prosimians,monkeys,apes,and humans are all members of the order __________.
A) Primates
B) humans
C) Homo sapiens
D) mammals
Answer: A
Q2) Although archaeologists and historians are both interested in the past,how does archaeology differ from history in its approach?
A) Unlike historians, archaeologists study past societies that pre-date written records, using only material remains such as pottery and stone tools.
B) Unlike historians, archaeologists only care about the writing systems of non-English speakers.
C) Archaeologists dig up dinosaurs, while historians focus on humans.
D) Archaeologists only rely on fossil remains from human ancestors.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Research Methods in Anthropology
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The method of __________ shows that a theory seems to be wrong.
A) falsification
B) proving
C) guessing
D) testing
Answer: A
Q2) Which of these is a common ecofact found at archaeological sites?
A) pollen
B) human skeletons
C) broken pottery
D) tools
Answer: A
Q3) Why can theories not be proven?
A) Many of the concepts and ideas in theories are not directly observable.
B) They are too complex to be tested.
C) Theories are too vague to be tested.
D) Human behavior is basically unpredictable.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Genetics and Evolution
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55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scholars who support punctuated equilibrium disagree with what traditional idea in evolution?
A) species evolve slowly over time
B) one species can evolve into another
C) evolution is closely linked to the environment
D) evolution depends on inheritance of genes
Answer: A
Q2) The observable appearance of a pea plant is called its __________.
A) phenotype
B) stereotype
C) prototype
D) genotype
Answer: A
Q3) __________ is the exchange of sections of chromosomes between one chromosome and another.
A) Crossing-over
B) Speciation
C) Mutation
D) Segregation
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sickle-cell anemia is an example of __________ selection.
A) balancing
B) directional
C) normalizing
D) disruptive
Q2) __________ results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent in a population over time.
A) Natural selection
B) Mutation
C) Hybridization
D) Technology
Q3) Gloger's rule for skin color holds true __________.
A) for people, as well as for other mammals and birds
B) for people, but not for other mammals
C) for birds and reptiles, but not for people or other mammals
D) for all animals except people
Q4) Do you think the perpetuation of human variability or the creation of an invariable "perfect" human is a better goal for the future of humanity? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 5: Primates: Past and Present
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Sample Questions
Q1) From what group of animals do scientists believe primates developed?
A) insectivores
B) carnivores
C) reptiles
D) amphibians
Q2) Which of these animals could be described as quadrupedal?
A) horse
B) chicken
C) human
D) snake
Q3) Which of these features is characteristic of New World monkeys?
A) three premolars
B) terrestrial
C) solitary
D) carnivorous
Q4) What is the key feature that distinguishes hominins from other primates?
A) consistent erect walking on two feet
B) the ability to use tools
C) a long infant dependency period
D) lifelong pair-bonded mating
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The First Hominins and the Emergence of Homo
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Sample Questions
Q1) Is it possible that toolmaking is at least partially responsible for the development of bipedalism in hominins?
A) Yes, because they may have used bone or wooden tools that do not appear in the fossil record.
B) Yes, because all known bipedal hominins are associated with stone tools.
C) No, because there is no association between tools and other hominin features.
D) No, because many living primates make complex tools, and none of them has developed bipedal locomotion.
Q2) In which set of bones could you see evidence of bipedal locomotion?
A) pelvis
B) rib cage
C) shoulder
D) elbows
Q3) How would cooking with fire be adaptive?
A) It makes food more safely digestible.
B) It makes food taste better.
C) It increases the nutritional content of food.
D) It makes the food last longer.
Q4) Discuss and evaluate the various theories on the evolution of bipedalism.
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Chapter 7: The Emergence of Homo sapiens and the Upper
Paleolithic World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the ways in which climate and environmental change throughout the Pleistocene affected the development of human cultures.
Q2) Which of these is an example of ethnographic analogy?
A) observing the use of tools by contemporary societies to determine how they were used thousands of years ago
B) using eyewitness accounts of tool use from thousands of years ago to determine how tools were used in the past
C) comparing the ways in which two contemporary cultures use the same set of tools
D) using the tools found in the archaeological record to piece together an ancient culture's religious customs
Q3) What evidence is there for a more sedentary lifestyle among the Upper Paleolithic peoples of East Asia?
A) Many of the cave sites were occupied for long periods of time.
B) There were no herds of animals to follow on annual migrations.
C) The climate was much colder in Asia than in Africa during this period.
D) Most of the archaeological sites are located in caves or rock shelters.
Q4) Evaluate the current theories of migration into the New World.
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Chapter 8: Food Production and the Rise of States
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57 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which region provides archaeological support for the trade theory of state development?
A) the Yellow River vValley in China
B) the Congo River basin in Central Africa
C) the Indus Valley civilization in nNorth India
D) the Oaxacan civilization in Mexico
Q2) Among archaic peoples of Mesoamerica,__________ were located near seasonally abundant resources.
A) macrobands
B) mesobands
C) microbands
D) broadbands
Q3) How could archaeologists estimate the amount of food Epipaleolithic people could gather from harvesting wild grains?
A) through experimentation by replicating Paleolithic tools and conditions
B) through analysis of the amount of grains in the diet through dental wear analysis
C) through calculation of the calorie yield for an average field of wild grain
D) through an estimate of the amount of domesticated grain that can be gathered in one season
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Culture and Culture Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Do you believe that cultural relativism prevents anthropologists from finding fault with another culture's practices or from trying to make social change? Why or why not?
Q2) The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society,either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.
A) acculturation
B) stimulus diffusion
C) unconscious invention
D) enculturation
Q3) How does material culture differ from the broader concept of culture?
A) It consists of the physical products of customary behavior.
B) It is only present in societies with a market economy.
C) Material culture is related to wealth and high status.
D) Only material culture can be studied through historical records.
Q4) Explain how cultural constraints regulate cultural norms by giving specific examples of both direct and indirect cultural constraints common to your own culture.
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Chapter 10: Communication and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although gorillas and chimpanzees appear to have the capacity for symbolic communication,human language is a unique communication system because
A) its spoken and symbolic nature permits an infinite number of combinations of meaning
B) it relies heavily on body language more than other animals
C) it requires fewer phonemes than other primate communication systems
D) it is more effective than animal call systems
Q2) Which of these is an example of a bound morpheme?
A) er
B) the
C) bl
D) I
Q3) It is estimated that __________ percent of the world's languages are endangered.
A) 50 to 90
B) 30 to 50
C) 90 to 95
D) 15 to 25
Q4) How does language reflect social status? Give three specific examples in which members of different social positions use different forms of language.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Economics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the relationship between the allocation of resources and food production.Show how foragers,horticulturalists,pastoralists,and intensive agriculturalists denote ownership of land,food,and tools.
Q2) In what activity do Yanomamö participate as part of their subsistence strategy?
A) hunting monkeys with bow and arrow
B) raising cattle and sheep
C) using irrigation to control farmland
D) planting coconut and banana trees
Q3) Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own __________.
A) animals
B) grazing lands
C) permanent dwelling places
D) land for cultivating crops
Q4) Societies that engage in pastoralism are characterized by __________.
A) small, highly mobile groups
B) a dependence on small animals like chickens or pigs
C) living in densely forested environments
D) a very high birth rate
Q5) What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?
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Chapter 12: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where do we find the highest genetic diversity among human populations?
A) Africa
B) Asia
C) Europe
D) the Americas
Q2) __________ diversity is almost always associated with differential access to advantages.
A) Ethnic
B) Economic
C) Racial
D) Educational
Q3) Why is "race" not a scientifically useful category?
A) There is no distinct set of physical features that clearly define races.
B) The term is too sensitive to be used in scientific studies.
C) There would only be three or four races, which is not a useful level of categorization.
D) Scientists are not interested in biological differences.
Q4) Does industrialization increase or decrease social inequality? Support your answer.
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Chapter 13: Sex and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of society generally has the most favorable view of gender equality?
A) post-industrial societies
B) cultures relying on agriculture
C) industrial societies
D) cultures relying on pastoralism
Q2) How is gender assigned in the United States?
A) by external biological attributes
B) based on parental preference
C) by newborn behavioral traits
D) based on hormone levels
Q3) One sex difference that appears very early in American children,as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available,is greater __________.
A) aggressiveness in boys
B) sociability in girls
C) responsibility in boys
D) aggressiveness in girls
Q4) How do we define status when discussing relative status of men and women? Discuss the use of this term,and the difficulties in comparing status cross-culturally.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Marriage, Family, and Kinship
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most societies __________.
A) disapprove of marriages between first cousins
B) encourage marriages between parallel cousins
C) encourage marriages between first cousins
D) encourage marriages between cross-cousins
Q2) Which of the following is an example of an exogamous marriage tradition?
A) marrying outside of a particular kin group
B) marrying a member of your own caste
C) marrying someone from within the village
D) marrying with the intent to produce a male heir
Q3) How are members of a lineage connected?
A) They can trace descent from a common ancestor through known links.
B) They believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor.
C) They are related through frequent marriage between their two communities.
D) They are all members of a multi-generational, extended household.
Q4) Imagine how your life might be different if unilocal-rather than neolocal-were the rule in North American society.What social trends are generally associated with these residence patterns?
Q5) Compare and contrast matrilocal and patrilocal residence,giving specific examples where appropriate.
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Chapter 15: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Sample Questions
Q1) Warfare in preindustrial societies is most likely to be found __________.
A) where people fear unpredictable natural disasters that will destroy their food supply
B) in societies smaller than 21,000 people
C) between nations that are militarily more unequal
D) in societies suffering from chronic, predictable food shortages
Q2) How many separate political units exist in the world today?
A) fewer than 200
B) around 1,000
C) at least 10,000
D) about 50
Q3) Pre-colonial American societies had examples of both chiefdoms and states. Explain how you would distinguish between the levels of political organization,and give an example of each from the Americas.
Q4) Which of the following situations is an example of a community action against a transgressor?
A) expulsion for failing to heed a taboo
B) paying a fine for breaking a law
C) retribution for a single act of murder
D) being rejected by a friend after stealing his/her money
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Chapter 16: Religion and Magic
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shamans are usually __________ and __________.
A) part-time; male
B) part-time; female
C) full-time; female
D) full-time; male
Q2) Why are anthropologists interested in religion?
A) They want to know why religion exists in all societies, despite its great variation.
B) Anthropologists believe that religion is old-fashioned, and should be abandoned.
C) Cross-cultural study is the only way to determine finally which belief system is correct.
D) They are looking for religious causes and remedies for social inequality.
Q3) One explanation of the witchcraft phenomenon in Salem,Massachusetts,in 1692 was that __________.
A) political and economic turmoil led to fear and a search for scapegoats
B) the men wanted the loose women of the community removed
C) many women were involved in a coven
D) the women who were accused were unfit mothers
Q4) Outline the ways in which people interact with the supernatural.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: The Arts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is found by anthropologists to be a common reason for body decoration?
A) marker of social position
B) economic gain
C) to remember important items
D) camouflage
Q2) Traditionally,Puebloan potters __________.
A) did not sign their pots, and followed their pueblo's traditional style
B) signed their pots, and followed their pueblo's traditional style
C) did not sign their pots, and developed their own unique styles
D) signed their pots, and developed their own unique styles
Q3) The experience of a musicologist listening for the first time to music of a different culture is analogous to __________.
A) a linguist exposed to a new foreign language
B) an ethnographer meeting a new informant
C) an artisan starting to work in the market economy
D) an archaeologist beginning a new field season
Q4) Explain what patterns you would examine when attempting to determine whether a piece of visual art was made by an egalitarian or a stratified society.
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Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) What social factors increase the likelihood of family violence?
Q2) Lewis Aptekar found that street children in Cali,Colombia,were __________ than their siblings who stay at home.
A) in better physical and mental shape
B) shorter and thinner
C) more likely to be disabled
D) more likely to be abused
Q3) Cross-culturally,what is the most common form of family violence?
A) wife beating
B) child abuse
C) sibling violence
D) infanticide
Q4) What social factors are associated with famines?
Q5) Refugees today number in the __________ worldwide.
A) millions
B) thousands
C) tens of thousands
D) hundreds
Q6) How is terrorism distinct from other forms of crime or acts of war?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do "thrifty genes" serve people in famine-prone areas once conditions improve?
A) They become maladaptive, and lead to increased risk of diabetes and obesity.
B) They become maladaptive, leading to nutritional and caloric deficiency.
C) They become adaptive, helping people burn off excess fat quickly and easily.
D) They become adaptive, allowing for fast digestion of key nutrients.
Q2) If an employer expects an anthropologist to conduct work that violates the professional code of ethics,and the anthropologist cannot convince the employer to change the practices,what does the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology recommend?
A) withdraw from the work
B) complete the current contract
C) write a letter of complaint
D) file a lawsuit against the employer
Q3) In societies with occupational specialization,__________ may be asked to convey messages or requests for healing to higher powers.
A) priests
B) shamans
C) physicians
D) sorcerers
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