Introduction to Human Development Study Guide
Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Human Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that individuals experience throughout the lifespan, from conception to old age. This course provides foundational knowledge of major developmental theories, research methods, and key concepts, examining how genetics, environment, and cultural factors shape growth and behavior. Topics include prenatal development, childhood milestones, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, as well as issues related to identity, family, and societal influences. Students will gain insights into the processes that underlie human growth, enabling a deeper understanding of the complexities of human development across different stages of life.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Life Span Development 4th Edition by John W. Santrock
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17 Chapters
2556 Verified Questions
2556 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family.Her thoughts are more logical,abstract,and idealistic.She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight.Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in?
A)Middle childhood
B)Late adulthood
C)Late childhood
D)Adolescence
Answer: D
Q2) Late adulthood is a time of:
A)life review,adjustment to new social roles,and diminishing strength and health.
B)expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility.
C)establishing personal and economic independence and advancing in a career.
D)selecting a mate,learning to live with that person in an intimate way,starting a family,and rearing children.
Answer: A
Q3) This refers to the capacity for change.
Answer: Plasticity
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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177 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bronwyn is interested in using non-medical techniques to assist her with dealing with pain during childbirth.Based on the text and class discussion,what are the two best options available to her,and why?
Answer: Some new nonmedicated techniques used in childbirth to reduce stress and pain are waterbirth,massage,acupuncture,hypnosis,and music therapy.
Q2) Xiomarra is tall with dark,curly hair and brown eyes.She is outgoing and friendly.Name these observable characteristics of her genetic makeup.
Answer: Pheype
Q3) _____ psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation,reproduction,and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
A)Psychoanalytic
B)Cognitive
C)Evolutionary
D)Humanistic
Answer: C
Q4) Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat.
Answer: Adaptive behavior
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Chapter 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ are cognitive groupings of similar objects,events,people,or ideas.
A)Symbols
B)Concepts
C)Habits
D)Semantics
Answer: B
Q2) Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words.This demonstrates how Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____ vocabulary.
A)expressive; spoken
B)spoken; receptive
C)receptive; spoken
D)spoken; expressive
Answer: C
Q3) The fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called a(n): A)axon.
B)dendrite.
C)neurotransmitter.
D)synapse.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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165 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas,a(n)_____ child is generally in a positive mood,quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,and adapts easily to new experiences.
A)slow-to-warm-up
B)easy
C)difficult
D)inflexible
Q2) In their longitudinal investigation,Chess and Thomas found that _____ percent of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.
A)10
B)30
C)40
D)55
Q3) According to John Bowlby,at what age do infants/children begin to take into consideration the feelings of others before acting?
A)Before 6 months
B)Between 12 to 18 months
C)Between 18 to 20 months
D)From 24 months on
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.
A)Centration
B)Myelination
C)Tropism
D)Neurogenesis
Q2) What are the current areas of controversy in early childhood education?
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the categories established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to describe weight problems?
A)Obesity
B)Overweight
C)Extremely overweight
D)Risk for being overweight
Q4) An Italian physician-turned-educator,who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children's education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
Q5) This researcher showed that when the child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved,the child is more likely to conserve.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Josh's mother makes his favorite food-burgers,fries,and pizza-every night for dinner.His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to,study only when he feels like it,and imposes no fixed bedtime.Josh's mom is most likely a(n):
A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.
Q2) Lucy frequently spanks her child,enforces rigid household rules,and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken.Lucy is most likely a(n):
A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.
Q3) Around the age of _____,children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.
A)three
B)one
C)two
D)one and a half
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals who are categorized as having moderate mental retardation have an IQ of _____.
A)25 to 39
B)71 to 100
C)55 to 70
D)40 to 54
Q2) If Sergio's mental age is 8,but his chronological age is 9,we would say that Sergio's IQ is:
A)average.
B)below average.
C)above average.
D)unable to be determined from the information provided.
Q3) Fiona,10,is an outstanding pianist and has an IQ of 140.Fiona is:
A)an anomaly.
B)gifted.
C)sagacious.
D)maladjusted.
Q4) .According to Robert J.Sternberg,which type of intelligence in students is most likely to be favored in conventional schooling?
Q5) Compare and contrast convergent thinking with divergent thinking.
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term that describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is:
A)psychometric status.
B)socioeconomic status.
C)popularity status.
D)sociometric status.
Q2) Which of the following statements about self-regulation is FALSE?
A)It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex.
B)It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior.
C)It leads to increased social competence and achievement.
D)It is characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.
Q3) According to the Erik Erikson,parents who see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess" will tend to foster a sense of _____ in their children.
A)seriation
B)stagnation
C)transitivity
D)inferiority
Q4) How does the development of self-understanding change from middle to late childhood? Illustrate your answer with examples.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs primarily during adolescence.
Q2) _____ is/are the second leading cause of death in adolescence.
A)Motor vehicle accidents
B)Suicide
C)Homicide
D)Chronic diseases
Q3) Approximately _____ percent of U.S.women are estimated to develop bulimia nervosa.
A)1 to 2
B)5 to 6
C)10 to 12
D)15 to 20
Q4) A girl's first menstruation.
Q5) What role does the top-dog phenomenon play when adolescents make the transition to middle or to junior high school?
Q6) This theorist and her colleagues have conducted extensive research into adolescent sleep patterns,and found that when given the opportunity adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the primary way that most adolescents connect with parents?
A)Voice mail
B)Instant messaging
C)E-mail
D)Text messaging
Q2) Which of the following is a benefit of everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?
A)It teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B)It helps adolescents become more autonomous.
C)It helps adolescents accept parental control over their lives.
D)It teaches parents how to exert more control over the lives of adolescents.
Q3) Who appears to benefit the MOST from high levels of parental monitoring?
A)Adolescent boys
B)Adolescent girls
C)Males in middle adulthood
D)Females in late adulthood
Q4) This Eriksonian researcher proposes that Erikson's theory of identity development contains four statuses of identity,or ways of resolving the identity crisis.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research supports the belief that bisexuality is:
A)a stepping stone to homosexuality.
B)a stable orientation that involves attraction to both sexes.
C)always experimental and eventually leads to either a heterosexual or homosexual orientation.
D)more common in men than in women.
Q2) Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they:
A)believe that good genes will override any unhealthy behaviors.
B)lack knowledge about which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy.
C)are reluctant to be seen as health-conscious.
D)do not think about how their lifestyle will affect them later in life.
Q3) Most of us reach our peak physical performance:
A)before the age of 30; often between the ages of 19 and 26.
B)often between the ages of 15 and 22.
C)before the age of 20.
D)before the age of 22; often between the ages of 14 and 19.
Q4) The term given recently to refer to the transition from adolescence to adulthood that occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age.
Q5) What are the factors that lead to work-related stress?
Q6) List the physical and psychological benefits associated with exercise. Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Pew Research Center,in 2010 the U.S.average age for first marriage:
A)was higher for women than men.
B)was higher than at any other point in history.
C)declined to an all-time low.
D)was the same as it was in 1980.
Q2) Women's friendships tend to be characterized not only by _____ but also by _____.
A)talk; silence
B)competition; camaraderie
C)depth; breadth
D)intimacy; rivalry
Q3) A recent study revealed that in their early twenties,women showed more _____ with their closest friend than did men.
A)emotional intimacy
B)rivalry
C)competition
D)physical intimacy
Q4) This theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love.
Q5) Discuss some of the strategies that adults can use to deal with divorce.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about late midlife is FALSE?
A)People in late midlife are either preparing for retirement or actually retiring.
B)People in late midlife are more likely to experience the death of a parent than people in early midlife.
C)People in late midlife are less likely to experience their last child leaving home than people in early midlife.
D)People in late midlife are more likely to experience becoming a grandparent than those in early midlife.
Q2) In menopause,production of _____ by the ovaries declines dramatically.
A)testosterone
B)estrogen
C)adrenaline
D)insulin
Q3) The gradual decline in men's testosterone levels in middle age can reduce their:
A)lung capacity.
B)sexual drive.
C)infertility.
D)thyroid levels.
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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126 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research,grandparents who are raising their grandchildren are at increased risk for developing:
A)dementia.
B)Parkinson disease.
C)depression.
D)schizophrenia.
Q2) According to a recent study,middle-aged adults report more ______ when discussing caring for aging parents than when supporting their emerging adults.
A)confidence
B)optimism
C)ambivalence
D)certainty
Q3) According to the Big Five factors of personality,which of the following personality supertrait describes whether an individual is either secure or insecure?
A)Neuroticism
B)Agreeableness
C)Openness
D)Extraversion
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the study by Rodin and Langer,which of the following was found to be the result of older adults having perceived control over their own lives?
A)It led to fewer social interactions.
B)It significantly reduced life expectancy.
C)It increased the levels of stress.
D)It was found to increase longevity.
Q2) Older adults have more difficulty determining the time required to step on the brakes when a traffic light suddenly turns red.This is because they have:
A)a decline in explicit memory.
B)slower perceptual speed.
C)inferior semantic memory.
D)lost the ability to use their episodic memory.
Q3) Severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been linked with:
A)Parkinson disease.
B)Alzheimer disease.
C)dementia other than Alzheimer disease.
D)brain cancer.
Q4) What is the difference between life span and life expectancy?
Q5) Discuss the cellular clock theory of aging.
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) For older adults,social support is linked to a(n):
A)increased probability of becoming institutionalized.
B)higher socioeconomic status.
C)increase in mortality rates.
D)reduction in symptoms of disease.
Q2) Approximately what percentage of U.S.women 65 years of age and older were living in poverty in 2010?
A)6
B)11
C)24
D)49
Q3) The majority of divorced older adults are women due to:
A)their tendency to initiate divorce procedures.
B)their greater longevity.
C)their tendency to remarry quickly.
D)men's tendency to delay remarriage.
Q4) What are the Big Five personality factors that influence mortality of older adults?
Q5) What are the typical effects of ageism?
Q6) What does activity theory suggest for older adults?
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Chapter 17: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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Sample Questions
Q1) As of 2013,which European country had NOT legalized assisted suicide?
A)Switzerland
B)The Netherlands
C)Belgium
D)Germany
Q2) Which of the following statements about a living will is FALSE?
A)It is a legally binding document.
B)Only the terminally ill can write one.
C)The individual must be in a clear state of mind when writing it.
D)The document contains the individual's wishes regarding medical treatment.
Q3) Basilio sustained severe and irreversible brain damage due to an accidental overdose of insulin.His wife and his children decided to remove the life-support system,and Basilio subsequently died.This is an example of:
A)active euthanasia.
B)passive euthanasia.
C)natural euthanasia.
D)culturally acceptable euthanasia.
Q4) What are the advantages of letting dying individuals know that they are dying?
Q5) Define grief and discuss its major dimensions.
Q6) Describe Kübler-Ross' first stage of dying.
Page 20
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