Introduction to Human Biology Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Human Biology provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of the human body, emphasizing the major organ systems and their interrelations. The course explores fundamental biological principles, including cell biology, genetics, physiology, anatomy, and basic biochemistry, to establish a foundation for understanding health, disease, and the human organism's complexity. Through lectures, discussions, and laboratory activities, students gain insight into how the body maintains homeostasis, adapts to environmental changes, and how disruptions can lead to disorders. This course is designed for students seeking an essential understanding of human biology, whether for personal enrichment or as preparation for further studies in health and life sciences.
Recommended Textbook
The Human Body in Health and Disease 6th Edition by Patton
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25 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) divides the body into right and left sides
A)frontal plane
B)transverse plane
C)sagittal plane
D)diaphragm
E)thoracic cavity
F)abdominopelvic cavity
G)cranial cavity
H)mediastinum
Answer: C
Q2) The heart is an example of a(n)
A) organ
B) tissue
C) organism
D) system
Answer: A
Q3) Frontal and coronal sections refer to the same thing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) A full atomic orbital always contains eight electrons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) When an ionic compound is put into water,it dissociates into ions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The process of dehydration synthesis makes bigger molecules from smaller molecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) An atom that contains 20 protons,21 neutrons,and 20 electrons has an atomic number of
A) 20
B) 41
C) 40
D) 61
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) DNA replication occurs during prophase of mitosis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which term refers to an increase in cell size?
A) hyperplasia
B) hypertrophy
C) atrophy
D) anaplasia
Answer: B
Q3) Pinocytosis comes from the Greek word meaning "cell eating."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Both mitochondria and ribosomes contain nucleic acids.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) Explain the difference between osmosis and dialysis.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hematopoietic tissue is the bloodlike connective tissue found in the red marrow cavities of bones,spleen,tonsils,and lymph nodes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which type of tissue specializes in movement of the body?
A) epithelial
B) connective
C) muscle
D) nervous
Q3) Cartilage tissue gets its strength from the osteons that make up its matrix.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Glia cells are an example of connective tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Alveolar connective tissue specializes in the storage of lipid or fat.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Identify the two basic types of cells in nervous tissue.
Q7) List the types of simple and stratified epithelium and give examples of each.
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Chapter 5: Organ Systems of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organs are the largest and most complex structural units in the body.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The primary organs of the digestive system form a tube that is called the gastrointestinal tract.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Antibodies and complements are protein compounds that are important in the immune system.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A hemopump filters the blood if a person suffers kidney failure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Immunosuppressive drugs are given after
A) cochlear implants
B) organ transplants
C) hip replacement surgery
D) all of the above procedures
Q6) What is organ transplantation? List several rejection problems.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Mechanisms of Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) group that includes yeast and mold and includes the organism responsible for athlete's foot
A)virus
B)prion
C)bacterium
D)fungus
E)protozoan
F)nematode
G)platyhelminth
H)arthropod
Q2) List and briefly describe the three pathogenic animals discussed in the chapter.Which of these groups is most likely to be a vector?
Q3) Give an example of a benign tumor and a malignant tumor that arise from connective tissue.
Q4) Which of the following is a sign?
A) a red rash
B) a headache
C) a pain in the chest
D) both B and C
Q5) Explain the means of cancer detection discussed in the chapter.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Integumentary System and Body
Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) membrane that lines the spaces between bones in joints
A)cutaneous membrane
B)visceral pleura
C)parietal pleura
D)visceral peritoneum
E)parietal peritoneum
F)mucous membrane
G)synovial membrane
H)bursae
Q2) Male pattern baldness is a type of alopecia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cyanosis of the skin is caused by a loss of melanocytes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The upper layer of the stratum corneum is made up mostly of dead cells.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
Q5) Describe and give the location of the epithelial membranes of the body.
Q6) Describe the structure of hair.
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Page 10
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which bone of the skull does not contain sinuses?
A) zygomatic
B) frontal
C) sphenoid
D) ethmoid
Q2) The sutures are an example of which type of joint?
A) diarthroses
B) synarthroses
C) amphiarthroses
D) none of the above
Q3) A teenager wants to be given growth hormone to increase his height.The doctor took an x-ray of his wrist to determine whether treatment could be started.Explain what the doctor was looking for.
Q4) Which joints permit the widest range of movement?
A) hinge
B) pivot
C) saddle
D) ball-and-socket
Q5) List and explain the five functions of the skeletal system.
Q6) Describe the structure of cartilage.
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Chapter 9: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a person picks up a 5-pound weight,muscle cells contract less forcefully than when a person picks up a 20-pound weight.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Another name for visceral muscle is _____ muscle.
A) cardiac
B) voluntary
C) smooth
D) striated
Q3) Strength training causes
A) muscle atrophy
B) an increase in blood vessels to a muscle
C) muscle hypertrophy
D) an increase in the number of mitochondria in a muscle cell
Q4) The insertion of a muscle is the
A) attachment to the more movable muscle
B) attachment to the more stationary muscle
C) muscle most responsible for a specific movement
D) both B and C
Q5) Explain muscle fatigue,the oxygen debt,and how the oxygen debt is "paid."
Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Even though the cranial nerves come from the brain,they are considered part of the peripheral nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not a function of the thalamus?
A) controls appetite
B) relays impulses to the cerebral cortex from sense organs
C) associates sensations with emotions
D) plays a part in the so-called arousal or alerting mechanism
Q3) Blood vessels produce and reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The cause of multiple neurofibromatosis is an autoimmune response or a viral infection.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The basal ganglia in the brain is an island of white matter found in the gray matter in the brain.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are more chemoreceptor special senses than photoreceptor special senses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The back is one of the least sensitive areas of the body for the sense of touch.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The photoreceptors of the eye are the rods and cones.
A)True
B)False
Q4) the thick fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth
A)organ of Corti
B)tympanic membrane
C)eustachian tube
D)stapes
E)semicircular canal
F)cochlea
G)malleus
H)auricle
I)perilymph
J)endolymph
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Chapter 12: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Acromegaly is caused by
A) hypersecretion of ACTH
B) hyposecretion of ACTH
C) hypersecretion of growth hormone
D) hyposecretion of growth hormone
Q2) ADH and aldosterone perform opposite functions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Exocrine glands pass their secretions through ducts to reach a body cavity or the body surface.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Type 1 diabetes is a pancreatic problem; type 2 diabetes is a cellular problem.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If a hormone receptor is on the cell membrane,it is a receptor for a nonsteroid hormone.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the function of mineralocorticoids.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The buffy coat is found at the very bottom of a test tube of blood that has been "spun down."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a cancer of the plasma cells and is one of the most common and most deadly of the blood cancers?
A) chronic lymphocytic leukemia
B) multiple myeloma
C) acute lymphocytic leukemia
D) chronic myeloid leukemia
Q3) Describe a microcytic,hyperchromic red blood cell.
Q4) Clotting factor VIII is used to treat hemophilia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A person with mononucleosis can have a white blood cell count as high as 18,000/mm³ of blood.
A)True B)False
Q6) What is the INR and what is its use?
Q7) What is thrombocytopenia and what are some treatments for this condition?
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Chapter 14: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) term that describes contraction of the heart
A)visceral pericardium
B)systole
C)atria
D)stroke volume
E)diastole
F)cardiac output
G)ventricles
H)parietal pericardium
I)sinoatrial node
J)endocardium
Q2) The first heart sound is caused by the closing of the _____ valve(s).
A) mitral
B) semilunar
C) tricuspid
D) both A and C
Q3) Fibrillation occurs when the heart muscles lose coordination and beat out of step with each other.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Circulation of the Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an inflammation of a vein?
A) an aneurysm
B) phlebitis
C) varicose veins
D) gangrene
Q2) Many medications are inactivated by the enzymes in the liver.These medications are almost always given intravenously or by injection into a muscle,not orally.Explain why these medications must be given this way.
Q3) A person who has suffered a severe heart attack would be most at risk of cardiogenic shock.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Blood leaving the hepatic portal system has been detoxified and has the homeostatic level of glucose.It drains into the abdominal aorta so it can be distributed throughout the rest of the body.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is phlebitis and why is the formation of a thrombus more likely in a vein than in an artery?
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Chapter 16: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Veins in the circulatory system and veins in the lymphatic system have all of the following in common except they
A) carry fluid back toward the heart
B) have one-way valves
C) drain into the thoracic duct
D) All of the above are true of both veins of the circulatory system and veins of the lymphatic system.
Q2) When a B cell comes into contact with an antigen,it develops into a plasma cell or a memory cell.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Special clusters of lymph nodes in the intestine are called lacteals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In an organ transplant,the autoimmune response of the recipient must be suppressed or the organ will be rejected.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the two types of lymphoma,and list the signs and symptoms of lymphoma.
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Chapter 17: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Labored or difficult breathing is referred to as A) apnea
B) dyspnea
C) eupnea
D) Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Q2) The four paranasal sinuses are found in the frontal,maxillary,mandibular,and sphenoid bones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the role of the medulla oblongata and the pons in regulating respiration.
Q4) What is the respiratory membrane? Why is it so important to the efficiency of the respiratory system that this membrane be thin?
Q5) External nares is another name for nostrils.
A)True B)False
Q6) What is laryngitis? What is epiglottitis? Who is most at risk for these and what are the symptoms?
Q7) Explain the process of gas exchange in the tissues.
Q8) Explain why the number of tonsillectomies has dropped in recent years.
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Chapter 18: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine
A)ulcer
B)cholelithiasis
C)mumps
D)hepatitis
E)caries
F)gastroenteritis
G)leukoplakia
H)Crohn disease
I)gingivitis
J)peritonitis
K)ascites
L)diverticulitis
Q2) The lower esophageal sphincter separates the stomach and the esophagus.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The parietal peritoneum is deep to the visceral peritoneum.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the structure of the esophagus.
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Chapter 19: Nutrition and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) an organic substance that attaches to enzymes and helps them function
A)glycolysis
B)glycogenesis
C)catabolism
D)mineral
E)ATP
F)assimilation
G)TMR
H)citric acid cycle
I)anabolism
J)glucose
K)electron transport chain
L)BMR
M)vitamin
Q2) The basal metabolic rate (BMR)is always less than the total metabolic rate (TMR).
A)True
B)False
Q3) List the functions of the liver.Which of these are specifically related to nutrition and metabolism?
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Page 22
Chapter 20: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the physical and functional differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?
Q2) refers to the involuntary voiding or loss of urine in an older child or adult
A)renal calculi
B)nephrotic syndrome
C)cystitis
D)urinary retention
E)glycosuria
F)hydronephrosis
G)urinary suppression
H)glomerulonephritis
I)incontinence
J)nephritis
Q3) Which condition occurs when the kidneys are no longer producing urine?
A) urinary retention
B) urinary suppression
C) incontinence
D) enuresis
Q4) Explain the process of micturition.
Q5) Explain the function of the kidney.What substance do the kidneys help regulate?
Page 23
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Chapter 21: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most abundant compound in the human body is water.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following hormones does not play a role in fluid regulation?
A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) ACTH
D) ANH
Q3) Drugs frequently are less effective in the elderly than they are in younger people because the elderly have a higher percent of body water,which overdilutes the drug.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Nonelectrolytes do not generate ions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) No matter how dehydrated a person becomes,fluid will still be lost by the lungs.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the symptoms of calcium imbalance?
Page 24
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Chapter 22: Acid-Base Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pure water,with a pH of 7,is neither acid nor base because it contains neither hydrogen ions nor hydroxide ions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain how the buffer system functions to buffer a strong base.
Q3) Blood alkalosis
A) causes the pH of the blood to drop
B) occurs more often than blood acidosis
C) is caused by an increase in base or a loss of acid
D) both B and C
Q4) Which of the following is considered a physiological pH control mechanism?
A) the buffers in the blood
B) the kidneys
C) the lungs
D) both B and C above
Q5) When the kidneys work to raise the pH of the blood,the blood becomes more alkaline and the urine becomes more acidic.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the pH scale.Which body fluid has the highest pH? Which has the lowest?
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Chapter 23: The Reproductive Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) the female gametes
A)follicle-stimulating hormone
B)fimbriae
C)cervix
D)vulva
E)graafian follicle
F)proliferative phase
G)oviduct
H)ovaries
I)luteinizing hormone
J)corpus luteum
K)vagina
L)ova
M)secretory phase
N)fundus
O)menarche
Q2) Explain the process of spermatogenesis.
Q3) The terms infertility and sterility mean the same thing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 24: Growth and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not formed by the endoderm?
A) lining of the lungs
B) nasal bones
C) thymus gland
D) tonsils
Q2) structure that anchors the embryo to the uterus and exchanges material between the mother and baby
A)yolk sac
B)fraternal twins
C)zygote
D)histogenesis
E)amniotic cavity
F)identical twins
G)morula
H)primary germ layers
I)blastocyst
J)placenta
Q3) Stage two of labor is usually the longest of the three stages.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: Genetics and Genetic Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) condition of people with only a single X chromosome (XO)
A)Turner syndrome
B)cystic fibrosis
C)Down syndrome
D)pedigree
E)single-gene disease
F)Klinefelter syndrome
G)karyotype
H)genetic predisposition
I)PKU
J)Punnett square
Q2) The process of crossing-over helps prevent genetic variation in the offspring.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A karyotype can be used to detect Down syndrome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the cause and symptoms of cystic fibrosis.
Q5) Explain the cause and symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome.
Q6) Explain how genes control the activity of a cell.
Page 28
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