Introduction to Human Biology Exam
Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Human Biology provides students with a foundational understanding of the structure and function of the human body. The course explores key biological principles, emphasizing cell biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, and the interplay of organ systems. Students will examine topics such as the life processes of humans, basic biochemistry, the role of heredity, and the impact of environment and lifestyle on health. Designed for those new to biology or considering careers in health and life sciences, this course encourages scientific inquiry and critical thinking through laboratory work and interactive discussions.
Recommended Textbook
Human Biology 14th Edition by Sylvia S. Mader Dr
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Exploring Life and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the interests of humans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In a graph,the experimental variable is plotted on the A)x axis.
B)y axis.
C)x and y axis.
D)z axis.
E)x and z axis.
Answer: A
Q3) One of the difficulties with publication of research in scientific journals is that it
A)is technical and may be difficult for a layperson to read.
B)is often out of context or misunderstood.
C)is unverified and usually not referenced.
D)displays bias.
E)is designed to convince readers to purchase a product.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of bond is responsible for holding two water molecules together creating the properties of water?
A)hydrogen
B)covalent
C)ionic
D)polar
E)double covalent
Answer: A
Q2) Water makes up 60-70% of total body weight.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) An element cannot be broken down by chemical means.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) All amino acids are alike in that their R groups are polar.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) List,in order,the stages of aerobic cellular respiration.
Answer: Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis.The resulting pyruvates are modified and then moved into the citric acid cycle within the matrix of the mitochondria.The resulting NADH molecules from glycolysis are then moved to the electron transport chain in which they deliver electrons.The electrons are passed down the electron transport chain,producing ATP and ultimately combining with oxygen.
Q2) Paleontologists have discovered ancient prokaryotic fossils dated at over 3.5 billion years old.These fossils resemble prokaryotes that are capable of living in extreme conditions such as high temperature and salinity.What domain do these prokaryotes belong to?
A)Protists
B)Protoctista
C)Archaea
D)Archetista
E)Eukarya
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Specialized cells that work together to perform a common function are called A)membranes.
B)organs.
C)tissues.
D)glands.
E)organisms.
Q2) Only the nervous and endocrine systems are involved in homeostasis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In turning a page,you would mainly be using what type of tissue?
A)cardiac muscle
B)smooth muscle
C)skeletal muscle
D)adipose tissue
E)epithelial tissue
Q4) Smooth muscle in the bladder contracts sending urine into the urethra.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List the function and organs associated with urinary system.
Q6) List and describe the three types of cartilage.
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Chapter 5: Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood
Vessels
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lisa receives a dose of epinephrine.What does this do to her heart rate?
A)increases it
B)decreases it
C)stops it
D)does not alter it
E)makes it skip every other beat
Q2) What does an ECG record?
A)brain activity
B)blood volume
C)heart sounds
D)hormonal changes
E)electrical changes
Q3) What is considered the pacemaker of the heart?
A)medulla oblongata
B)the sinoatrial node
C)the atrioventricular node
D)Purkinje fibers
E)atrioventricular bundle
Q4) Trace the path of blood flow through the heart and lungs,starting with the superior and inferior vena cava.
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Chapter 6: Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hemophilia is a genetic clotting disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q2) After blood clots,the yellowish fluid that escapes from the clot is called A)thrombin.
B)fibrinogen.
C)serum.
D)lymph.
E)plasma.
Q3) Coagulation contributes to homeostasis by
A)keeping the blood within the vessels.
B)regulating body temperature.
C)destroying pathogens.
D)removing debris from the blooD.
E)maintaining the pH of the blood.
Q4) Blood clotting requires 6 clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca<sup>2+</sup>)to ensure that plasma and the formed elements remain in the blood vessels.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List the 5 types of white blood cells and their functions.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The membrane attack complex of the complement system is not effective against viruses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cytokines are signaling molecules produced by T lymphocytes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Monocytes become what type of cell in the tissue?
A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)macrophages
E)red blood cells
Q4) All autoimmune diseases are caused strictly by environmental factors such as viral infections.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the function of the thymus as it relates to the lymphatic system.
Q6) List and describe the body's innate defenses.
Q7) Explain the presence and function of the IgA class of antibodies.
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Chapter 8: Biology of Infectious Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) The envelope of the HIV virus is actually part of the host cell plasma membrane.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following diseases is considered an emerging disease?
A)SARS
B)H1N1
C)H5N1
D)Strep throat
E)All of these are considered emerging diseases.
Q3) How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?
A)via airborne droplets
B)contaminated food or water
C)sexual intercourse
D)IV drug abuse
E)blood transfusions
Q4) List and describe the most common opportunistic diseases an individual in category C of AIDS will die from.
Q5) SARS is thought to have arisen in China due to the consumption of civets.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Digestive System and Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one benefit of normal flora in the large intestine?
A)absorb iron
B)absorb fats
C)produce vitamin B
D)produce bile
E)absorb water
Q2) Muscles that encircle tubes and act as circular valves are called
A)frenulA.
B)sphincters.
C)cannula.
D)anastomoses.
E)buccinators.
Q3) Recent studies of an oyster-rich bay indicated a high coliform count.What should the fisheries officers do?
A)Nothing.A high coliform count is normal.
B)Nothing.This is good for oyster production.
C)Shut down the bay.This is harmful to humans who eat the oysters.
D)Shut down the bay.This is harmful to the oysters.
E)Nothing.A high coliform count would be beneficial to humans who ate the oysters.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is missing in infant respiratory distress syndrome?
A)bronchioles
B)pleura
C)one or more lobes of the lung
D)alveoli
E)surfactant
Q2) Lung cancer,just like breast cancer,is more prevalent in women than in men.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Chemoreceptors for blood pH are located in the brain stem and the lungs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does the respiratory center control the diaphragm?
A)via the blood carbon dioxide level
B)via the blood pH
C)via the intercostal nerves
D)via the phrenic nerve
E)via the vagus nerve
Q5) Can you hold your breath until you die?
Q6) Explain the nervous system's control of the respiratory system.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
A)excretion of metabolic wastes
B)maintenance of water-salt balance
C)maintenance of acid-base balance
D)maintenance of blood glucose levels
E)secretion of hormones
Q2) The renal pelvis is continuous with the A)renal cortex.
B)bladder.
C)urethra.
D)ureter.
E)nephrons.
Q3) Which of the following is not a region of the kidney?
A)hypothalamus
B)cortex
C)medulla
D)pelvis
E)collecting ducts
Q4) List the functions of the urinary system.
Q5) Explain the three steps involved in urine formation.
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Chapter 12: Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following bones is not part of the pectoral girdle and attached limbs?
A)clavicle
B)sternum
C)scapula
D)ulna
E)humerus
Q2) How is bone repair different from bone development?
A)A hematoma indicates an injury has occurred.
B)Osteoblasts are not involved in bone repair but they are in bone development.
C)Osteoclasts are involved in bone development but not in bone repair.
D)Only spongy bone is built in bone repair while both spongy and compact bone are built in bone development.
E)There is no cartilage involved in bone repair but there is in bone development.
Q3) List the three types of cartilage found in the body and indicate a function for each.
Q4) Describe the steps involved in bone growth by endochondral ossification.
Q5) List and describe the three types of joints found in the human body.
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Chapter 13: Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not an energy source for muscle contraction?
A)glycogen
B)triglycerides
C)glucose
D)fatty acids
E)starch
Q2) Temperature sensitive neurons in the skin are responsible for initiating shivering.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the reservoir for Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the body?
A)muscles
B)bones
C)liver
D)brain
E)blood
Q4) List the functions of the skeletal muscles.
Q5) One motor unit obeys a principle called the all-or-none law.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following could happen to the neurotransmitter once it binds to the receiving membrane receptors?
A)reabsorbed by the sending membrane
B)absorbed by the receiving membrane in order to start the action potential
C)stays bound to the receiving membrane
D)released back into the synaptic cleft where it builds up
E)degrades due to lack of Ca<sup>+</sup>
Q2) The repeated use of which drug leads to the body decreasing the natural production of endorphins?
A)heroin
B)marijuana
C)K2
D)methamphetamine
E)ecstasy
Q3) Which of the following is associated with the PNS but not the CNS?
A)Schwann cells
B)myelin sheath
C)axon
D)dendrite
E)node of Ranvier
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Chapter 15: Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Proprioceptors are classified as which type of receptor?
A)mechanoreceptors
B)cutaneous receptor
C)nociceptor
D)photoreceptor
E)chemoreceptor
Q2) Which of the following is found within the cochlea?
A)stapes
B)spiral organ
C)tympanic membrane
D)semicircular canals
E)incus
Q3) Which of the following is not a type of cutaneous receptor?
A)Merkel disks
B)Meissner corpuscles
C)Krause end bulbs
D)Pacinian corpuscles
E)Golgi tendon organs
Q4) Describe the steps involved in the action of a muscle spindle.
Q5) List the four categories of sensory receptors and describe what they respond to.
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Chapter 16: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Right after eating a candy bar,insulin secretion would occur.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not involved in blood glucose homeostasis?
A)liver
B)muscle
C)adipose tissue
D)stomach
E)glucagon
Q3) Both endocrine and exocrine glands have ducts.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary communicate via a portal system.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Most of the diabetics in the United States have type 1 diabetes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List the hormones produced by the following endocrine glands and indicate the target tissue / organ it acts upon.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which layer of the endometrium is the functional layer and what does it do?
A)the innermost layer,basal layer of reproducing cells
B)the innermost layer,grows in thickness to accommodate the pregnancy
C)the outermost layer,basal layer of reproducing cells
D)the outermost layer,grows in thickness to accommodate the pregnancy
E)the middle layer is shed frequently to maintain a healthy lining for implantation
Q2) Which of the following forms of birth control is a small piece of molded plastic that does not allow the fertilized embryo to implant?
A)diaphragm
B)cervical cap
C)intrauterine device
D)cervical shield
E)female condom
Q3) STDs caused by viruses can be effectively treated with antibiotics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A zygote contains 46 chromosomes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Development and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nervous system is to the ectoderm as the skeleton is to the A)mesoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)chorion.
D)allantois.
E)blastula.
Q2) The first system in the body to become visibly differentiated during development is the
A)digestive system.
B)cardiovascular system.
C)respiratory system.
D)nervous system.
E)reproductive system.
Q3) When cells take on specific structure and function,this is called A)cleavage.
B)growth.
C)morphogenesis.
D)differentiation.
E)fertilization.
Q4) Describe the steps in fertilization of an egg cell.
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Chapter 19: Patterns of Chromosome Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a translocation,all of the DNA is present,and there is only one copy of each piece.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How are G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub> different?
A)The cell copies its DNA during G<sub>1</sub> but not G<sub>2</sub>.
B)The cell does not grow during G<sub>1</sub> but doubles its organelles in G<sub>2</sub>.
C)In G<sub>1</sub>,the cell prepares to synthesize its DNA and in G<sub>2</sub>,it synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division.
D)The cell spends much more time in G<sub>2</sub> than in G<sub>1</sub>.
E)Mitosis occurs during G<sub>1</sub> but not during G<sub>2</sub>.
Q3) In meiosis there are how many divisions and how many daughter cells?
A)1,2
B)1,4
C)2,2
D)2,4
E)2,8
Q4) List the stages of meiosis I and explain the events that occur during each stage.
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Chapter 20: Cancer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a standard therapy for cancer treatment?
A)immunotherapy
B)surgery
C)radiation therapy
D)chemotherapy
E)all of these are standard therapies for the tretment of cancer
Q2) Taxol is used to treat what type of cancer?
A)leukemia
B)lymphoma
C)testicular cancer
D)colon cancer
E)ovarian cancer
Q3) Unfortunately,the cancer in Ted's body had spread to multiple sites.Which is the most viable treatment option to handle Ted's cancer?
A)surgery
B)radiation therapy
C)chemotherapy
D)herbal therapy
E)immunotherapy
Q4) List standard therapies and newer therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the mother's genotype is aa,all of her eggs will be identical for this trait.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following represents a dihybrid cross?
A)ff x ff
B)Gg x gg
C)AAbb x Aabb
D)AAbb x aaBB
E)Ss x ss
Q3) When describing someone as "lactose intolerant",you are describing their A)genotype.
B)phenotype.
C)alleles.
D)genome.
E)none of these
Q4) Can a woman with an X-linked recessive disorder have normal sons?
Q5) Even though sickle-cell disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder,the heterozygote can express some variation of the recessive phenotype.
A)True
B)False
23
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Chapter 22: DNA Biology and Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are found within the monomer unit of DNA?
A)phosphate,nitrogen base
B)phosphate,amino acids
C)fatty acids,sugars
D)amino acids,nitrogen base
E)nitrogen base,fatty acid
Q2) Which of the following is not studied in the field of proteomics?
A)protein-protein interactions
B)protein concentration in a cell
C)which genes give rise to which proteins
D)cellular location of particular proteins
E)chemical modifications of proteins
Q3) Which of the following is not a desirable trait for a genetically engineered plant?
A)disease resistant
B)salt sensitive
C)improved yield
D)modified wood pulp
E)drought tolerant
Q4) Transcribe and then translate the following DNA code: AATCGGTTCCATCGG
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Chapter 23: Human Evolution
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Q1) The fact that marsupials are not as diverse in South America as they are in Australia would be classified as what type of evidence for evolution?
A)biogeographical
B)anatomical
C)biochemical
D)fossil record
E)molecular evidence
Q2) On what basis was life divided into three domains?
A)rRNA sequence data
B)cytochrome c sequence data
C)mitochondrial DNA sequence data
D)the presence or absence of a nucleus and organelles
E)presence or absence of mammary glands
Q3) There are no transitional fossils between different groups.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Human characteristics did not evolve all at one time.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Are you likely to find abundant fossils of soft bodied animals like jellyfish?
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Global Ecology and Human Interferences
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Q1) Do all ecological pyramids have a broad base with a smaller top?
Q2) How does phosphate enter the soil?
A)conversion in the atmosphere due to lightning
B)precipitation from clouds
C)weathering of rocks
D)photosynthesis
E)cellular respiration
Q3) What kind of an organism is an earthworm?
A)producer
B)herbivore
C)carnivore
D)omnivore
E)detritus feeder
Q4) Almost 100% of the energy taken in by plants from the sun is available to an ecosystem.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Are humans capable of upsetting global biogeochemical cycles with their activities?
Q6) List and explain the six steps in the hydrological cycle.
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Chapter 25: Human Population,global Resources,and Conservation
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Q1) If each couple only has two children,zero population growth will take place immediately.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The biggest problem in moving toward a sustainable society with the LDCs is overconsumption.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define an ecological footprint.
A)the total amount of resources used by an individual to meet their needs
B)the amount of food a person needs to eat
C)the amount of water a person needs to meet their needs
D)the amount of land a person needs to provide a place to live
E)the amount of energy a person needs to meet their needs
Q4) The more-developed countries have typically always had low population growth rate.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Describe the factors that are contributing to the biodiversity extinction crisis we are currently experiencing.