Introduction to Graduate Research
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Graduate Research provides students with foundational skills and knowledge essential for conducting scholarly research at the graduate level. The course covers the principles of formulating research questions, conducting literature reviews, selecting appropriate research methodologies, and understanding research ethics. Students will gain proficiency in evaluating academic sources, organizing research findings, and developing research proposals. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, effective communication, and scholarly writing, preparing students to undertake independent research projects in their respective fields of study.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Educational Research Second Edition by Craig A. Mertler
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Educational Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______ statistics allow researcher to test the statistical significance of the difference between two or more groups, or the degree of relationship between two variables.
A) descriptive
B) inferential
C) narrative
D) numerical
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is true of educational research?
A) It is not scientific.
B) It is a process that begins with a question/problem.
C) It is a process that serves as the purpose/goal of the study.
D) It is a flawless process.
Answer: B
Q3) Authority's effectiveness, in terms of answering our research questions, is always a certainty.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Overview of the Educational Research Process
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Q1) ______ data analysis is an inductive process that must be facilitated in the mind of the researcher.
A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Mixed-methods
D) Experimental
Answer: B
Q2) How the research study will actually be conducted is known as the ______.
A) executive plan
B) research plan
C) research method
D) executive method
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following can be helpful for conducting an educational research study?
A) considering the study's manageability and time commitment involved
B) knowledge of one research design
C) colleagues who can assist you
D) time off from other commitments
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Identifying a Research Problem
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Sample Questions
Q1) Socioeconomic status and ethnicity are examples of ______ data.
A) continuous
B) discrete
C) dichotomous
D) confounding
Answer: B
Q2) Research questions in quantitative studies should be ______.
A) focused
B) open-ended
C) reiterative
D) discrete
Answer: A
Q3) Which hypothesis is typically symbolized as H ?
A) directional
B) null
C) alternative
D) nondirectional
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Educational Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Only children may provide consent for participating in a study.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When a study involves human participants, it is generally assumed that the risk associated with participating in the study should not be greater than the normal risks of day-to-day life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is informed consent?
Q4) Identify the three types of possible proposal reviews conducted by IRBs mentioned in the text, and discuss when each type would be used.
Q5) Analyze the components of an informed consent form.
Q6) Highlight why it's important to pay special attention to the extent to which research study participants are able to voice opinions/concerns about participation.
Q7) Explain the following statement, as excerpted from the text: "Regardless of whether our research results turn out to be what we expected or even wanted to see, we have still learned something meaningful and beneficial about our topic of interest."
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Chapter 5: Reviewing Related Research Literature
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Q1) Explain the differences between primary and secondary sources.
Q2) Google Scholar is minimal-charge database.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The instruments used to collect data ______.
A) should be included in summaries of literature
B) should have been used in at least one other research study
C) should result in strong scores
D) should be set forth by the community
Q4) Describe the components of what's included in document citation pages.
Q5) Although there are numerous electronic databases for locating primary sources of educational research information, the ______ database is arguably the most commonly used among education researchers.
A) ProQuest
B) Academic Search
C) ERIC
D) Library of Congress
Q6) There is typically only one way to organize topics in the literature review.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Research Methods
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Q1) Discuss the strengths of ethnographic research.
Q2) Which of the following describes the steps for conducting qualitative research?
A) They may use various methodologies.
B) They may occur out of order.
C) They must occur concurrently.
D) They protect nonhuman participants in studies.
Q3) The basic series of steps ______ across different types of quantitative or qualitative research.
A) varies in distinctiveness
B) remains consistent
C) is identical
D) is irrelevant
Q4) One of the most distinguishing features of qualitative research is that it occurs in a natural setting.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The duration of ethnographic research must be at least one full month.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss the strengths of narrative research.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Quantitative Research Methods
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Q1) In a(n) ______ quasi-experimental design, an extensive amount of data is collected on one group by first pretesting the participants repeatedly until the pretest scores become stable.
A) one-group pretest-posttest
B) static-group comparison
C) counterbalanced design
D) time-series design
Q2) Quantitative research studies tend to be ______ in scope, focusing on a handful of key ______.
A) cohesive; studies
B) conducted; universities
C) multiplied; populations
D) narrow; variables
Q3) In a ______, individuals in one group or cohort are studied at different points in time.
A) cross-sectional survey
B) longitudinal survey
C) descriptive survey
D) direct survey
Q4) Discuss the weaknesses of experimental research.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Mixed-Methods Research
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Q1) According to the text, mixed-methods research designs are differentiated by three factors. What are these distinguishing factors?
Q2) Which of the following is an aspect to consider when managing research strands?
A) semiotics
B) historical
C) comparative
D) timing
Q3) Embedded design involves layering a strand of qualitative research into a quantitative study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The multiphase design is, typically, used in comprehensive program evaluation. A)True
B)False
Q5) Over the past decade or more, interest in the use of mixed-methods research as a means for studying educational topics and phenomenon has diminished significantly.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What does it mean that "a need exists to best employ a theoretical stance?"
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Action Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does fostering school improvement relate to action research?
A) Fostering school improvement will guide data collection.
B) It is a reason to conduct action research.
C) It will vary according to the population.
D) Fostering school improvement is harmful to action research.
Q2) Action research allows educators to study ______.
A) their own instructional methods
B) the world at large
C) the instructional methods of educators in a different state
D) the past
Q3) Discuss one strength of action research.
Q4) What does action research include?
A) a directional design
B) a distinctive design
C) an action plan
D) a development plan
Q5) The purpose of action research is to generalize solutions to larger populations.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe self-reflection in the process of action research.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Writing a Research Proposal
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Q1) Qualitative research proposals ______ conducting prior fieldwork. A) often suffer from B) often benefit from C) are completely unaffected by D) are often rejected as a result of
Q2) In quantitative research proposals, the statement of the problem ______.
A) may range in length from one to five pages
B) should provide ample background information C) should include only minimal information regarding the context in which the problem is occurring
D) is only important in some cases
Q3) The methodology section is one of the least important parts of a research proposal. A)True B)False
Q4) The methodology section does not include information regarding ______.
A) the research participants/sample
B) the research design
C) the proposed timeline
D) the data collection procedures
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Chapter 11: Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
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Q1) Explain the participant-observer continuum.
Q2) Describe extreme case sampling.
Q3) ______ are written observations of what a researcher sees taking place in a particular setting.
A) Setting notes
B) Location notes
C) Field notes
D) Focus notes
Q4) ______ sampling occurs when interview participants recommend other individuals who they think would be a benefit to the study.
A) Opportunistic
B) Theory
C) Snowball
D) Typical
Q5) Explain how researchers decide what type of sampling to use in qualitative studies.
Q6) Qualitative sample sizes typically do not vary.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Explain the rationale for the sample size in qualitative research.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Quantitative Data Collection
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Q1) The most rigorous form of probability sampling is ______.
A) stratified random sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) cluster random sampling
D) systematic random sampling
Q2) In general, when conducting survey research, it is advisable to survey a minimum of ______ individuals or a minimum of ______ of the population.
A) 100; 50-60%
B) 100; 25-35%
C) 350; 25-35%
D) 350; 10-20%
Q3) Variables that are measured on equal ______ scales may be appropriately subject to a wide variety of statistical analysis techniques.
A) ordinal
B) nominal
C) categorical
D) interval
Q4) Give an example of variables that are associated with each type of measurement scale.
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Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Before data have been collected, they must be appropriately prepared for analysis using statistical procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following describes measures of relative standing?
A) They are descriptive statistics.
B) They compare the performance of an individual on one or more measures or tests with the entire population of individuals who took the same test.
C) They indicate where a given score falls in a distribution in relation to all other scores in all distributions.
D) They are referred to as norm-controlled scores.
Q3) Which of the following is a software used for data analysis?
A) SBSTAT
B) SPRR
C) Macrotab
D) SPSS
Q4) Define and explain why samples are used in research.
Q5) List the most common purposes behind various statistical procedures.
Q6) Explain common techniques for descriptive analysis in quantitative research.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Writing a Final Research Report
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Q1) According to the APA manual, numerical data included in quantitative research reports should be reported ______.
A) in descending order
B) in ascending order
C) at the beginning of sentences
D) only in tables
Q2) Academic writing resembles scientific writing more closely than it does any other form of writing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the presentation of qualitative results, your goal should be to ______.
A) provide as many details as possible
B) provide every piece of data
C) describe the most meaningful trends or patterns you saw emerge
D) describe every trend or pattern that emerged
Q4) The conventions of style include clarity and consistency.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain why researchers should follow guidelines when writing a final research report.
Page 16
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