Introduction to Gerontology
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Gerontology explores the multifaceted process of aging, examining the biological, psychological, and social changes experienced throughout the later stages of the human lifespan. This course introduces key theories and research in gerontology, highlighting aging trends, health care issues, and the impact of societal attitudes toward older adults. Students will gain insight into the challenges and opportunities of an aging population, including policy and ethical considerations, and develop a foundational understanding of how individuals, families, and communities can support healthy aging and improve the quality of life for older adults.
Recommended Textbook
The Journey of Adulthood 7th Edition by Barbara R. Bjorklund
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12 Chapters
846 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Adult Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a major argument in favor of cross-sectional research designs in the study of adulthood?
A) They allow researchers to collect information about age differences on some variable quite rapidly.
B) They allow researchers to answer questions about individual continuity over time.
C) They unconfound age and cohort.
D) They clarify the relationship between age and family life cycle.
Answer: A
Q2) If a researcher begins a study of a group of 20-year-olds and then a few years later continues the study on the same group, this would be an example of what type of research design?
A) cross-sectional
B) time-sequential
C) longitudinal
D) cohort-sequential
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Physical Changes
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Sample Questions
Q1) There is an association between loss of muscle mass and age that may be corrected by _______.
A) resistance training
B) stretching
C) a and b
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Q2) There is an association between loss of muscle mass and age that may be corrected by _______.
A) resistance training
B) stretching
C) a and b
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Q3) More women than men in the United States are diagnosed with _______.
A) cardiovascular problems
B) glaucoma
C) hip fractures
D) hearing loss
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Health and Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) At what median age do adults in the United States show the onset of mood disorders?
A) 10 years of age
B) 15 years of age
C) 20 years of age
D) 30 years of age
Answer: D
Q2) After examining the evidence regarding cardiovascular disease and gender, Bee and Bjorklund conclude that _______.
A) men are twice as likely to die as women in the year following their first heart attack
B) women have a 25 percent chance of dying from breast cancer, compared to a 50 percent chance of dying from heart disease
C) men are twice as apt as females to die of heart disease
D) None of the above statements are conclusions reached by Bee and Bjorklund.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Cognitive Abilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) The latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ based on four separate indexes: _____________, ______________, _______________ and _____________, each of which consists of a number of different subtests.
A) Verbal Comprehension, College Algebra, Science, and Music
B) Verbal Comprehension, Scientific Knowledge, Working Memory, and Processing Speed
C) Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed
D) Working Memory, Processing Speed, Generic Reasoning, and Word Problems
Q2) Exercise has ____ effect on intellectual skill.
A) a negative
B) a minimal
C) no measurable
D) a positive
Q3) Exercise has ____ effect on intellectual skill.
A) a negative
B) a minimal
C) no measurable
D) a positive
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Social Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine that you are a business executive and you are about to have a meeting with a rival executive whom you know to be a woman. You know nothing else about her, but you imagine that she must be less competitive than your male colleagues-probably more conciliatory. What process are you demonstrating with such thoughts?
A) intellectualization
B) stereotyping
C) differentiation
D) pragmatics
Q2) In the final stage of the family life cycle, roles become _______.
A) more clearly defined and more dominant
B) more clearly defined but less dominant
C) less clearly defined and more dominant
D) less clearly defined and less dominant
Q3) Which of the following groups has been found to report the LOWEST overall level of happiness or life satisfaction?
A) married women
B) unmarried women
C) married men
D) unmarried men
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Social Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) The filter theory of mate selection suggests we first screen for _____, then _____.
A) appearance; social class
B) attitudes and beliefs; role fit
C) appearance; attitudes and beliefs
D) role fit; manners
Q2) An avoidant marriage is _______.
A) a happy one
B) one with no children
C) one where the parents are poor
D) one made up of partners who agree to disagree
Q3) In his relationship with his wife, Clarence is often jealous, anxious about whether she returns his feelings, and generally unsure of himself. Such a pattern is characteristic of individuals with what kind of internal model of attachment?
A) secure/autonomous
B) dismissing/detached
C) preoccupied/enmeshed
D) anxious/distressed
Q4) Describe the nature of the relationship between siblings across the life span.
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Chapter 7: Work and Retirement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which pattern of work and non-work is associated with greatest work success or highest income among women?
A) Work continuously.
B) Work continuously except when children are infants.
C) Begin work after all children are in school and then work continuously.
D) Begin childbearing after a career is established, then pause for children, and then return to a career.
Q2) On which of Holland's personality dimensions is a minister likely to score the highest?
A) realistic
B) conventional
C) enterprising
D) social
Q3) For the average American retiring today, the largest single source of retirement income is from _______.
A) pension benefits through a job
B) private savings
C) Social Security
D) Supplemental Security Income
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Chapter 8: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text posits three explanations for the trend in personality change from middle to late adulthood. Describe these changes.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a trait found to be stable by Costa and McCrae?
A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) rigidity
D) openness
Q3) Which of the following statements best describes our current knowledge about the consistency of personality or motivation over the adult years?
A) There is high consistency on the "big 5" personality measures over the full 50 or 60 years of adult life, but not on any other dimensions of personality.
B) There is high consistency on the "big 5" personality measures and somewhat lower consistency on many other personality measures.
C) Consistency in personality exists but only over relatively short periods of time, such as 4 or 5 years.
D) There is no demonstrable consistency of personality in adulthood.
Q4) List and describe the "big five" personality dimensions.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Quest for Meaning
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Sample Questions
Q1) List and describe the three levels of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Include a sample reasoning statement for each.
Q2) Which age group of adults in the United States shows the highest level of participation in formal religious activities, such as church attendance?
A) 20-year-olds
B) 35-year-olds
C) 50-year-olds
D) 65-year-olds
Q3) What effects of religiousness/spirituality are found in adults in U.S. studies?
A) lower cortisol levels
B) more forgiveness
C) greater frequency of prayer
D) all of the above
Q4) Describe the stages of mystical experience as outlined by Underhill. How can these stages be linked to theories of moral reasoning or faith development?
Q5) What explanations could you suggest for women attending religious services more frequently than men? How does this fit with other gender differences you have studied in this book?
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Chapter 10: Stress, Coping, and Resilience
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Q1) 10-19. The observed beneficial effect of social support on disease rates is referred to as the _______.
A) resistance effect
B) general adaptation syndrome
C) Brown and Harris effect
D) buffering effect
Q2) Which of the following is the best statement of the relationship between life changes and disease?
A) High levels of life change are strongly predictive of illness, with correlations in the range of .60 to .70.
B) High levels of life change are modestly predictive of illness, with typical correlations in the range of .30 to .40.
C) High levels of life change are found to be predictive of only certain illnesses, such as cancer or influenza.
D) There is no consistent relationship obtained between level of life change and physical illness.
Q3) 10-45. Men typically show more severe physical reactions to widowhood (illness and death) than do women. How can you account for this?
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Chapter 11: Death and Bereavement
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Q1) Which of the following age groups of adults is likely to have the greatest fear of death?
A) 20-30
B) 40-50
C) 60-70
D) 80-90
Q2) Describe the major functions of funerals and other rituals surrounding death.
Q3) Which of the following describes the population that Kübler-Ross studied?
A) terminally ill adults and children
B) incarcerated men.
C) patients only in the early stages of their disease, immediately after they had been diagnosed.
D) all of the above
Q4) The sequence of 5 stages of responses to dying, according to Kübler -Ross's theory, is _______.
A) anger, denial, depression, bargaining, acceptance
B) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance
C) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
D) denial, anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance
Q5) Among middle-aged adults, which ones are likely to show the MOST fear of death?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Successful Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a normative adult life pattern, the stage of the family life cycle that is most likely to correspond to peak job satisfaction is _______.
A) unmarried
B) married, no children
C) married, children are adolescents
D) postparental
Q2) Which of the following best describes the findings on the relationship between social involvement and life satisfaction among adults aged 20-39?
A) The least socially active adults are typically the happiest.
B) Those who lack friendships have more depressive symptoms.
C) Adults with moderate levels of social activity are the happiest.
D) There is no relationship between social activity and happiness.
Q3) According to Vaillant's studies of the Grant sample, measures of early family experiences are predictive of subsequent difficulties _____.
A) throughout the adult age range
B) in old age
C) in the first few decades of adulthood
D) at no age in adulthood
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