Introduction to Geology Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Geology provides an overview of the fundamental principles and processes that shape the Earth. The course covers topics such as the structure of the Earth, plate tectonics, minerals and rocks, geologic time, and surface processes including weathering, erosion, and sedimentation. Students will explore how geological forces influence landscapes, natural resources, and natural hazards. Through lectures, hands-on activities, and laboratory exercises, learners gain an understanding of the dynamic nature of our planet and the scientific techniques used to study geological phenomena.
Recommended Textbook
Visualizing Geology 3rd Edition by Barbara W. Murck
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Earth As a Planet
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Q1) What is the tectonic cycle?
Answer: The tectonic cycle encompasses the movements and interactions in the lithosphere and the internal Earth processes that drive them.
Q2) Why is the study of geology important to human society?
Answer: The study of geology is important to human society for many reasons.Earth materials and processes affect our lives through our dependence on Earth resources,our need to understand geologic hazards,and our need to understand the physical environment in which we live.
Q3) What is the difference between physical geology and historical geology?
Answer: Physical geology is concerned with understanding the processes that operate beneath the surface of Earth and the materials on which those processes operate.Historical geology,on the other hand,is concerned with the sequence of geologic events that have occurred in the past.
Q4) The ______ cycle describes the set of crustal processes that form new rock,modify it,transport it,and break it down.
Answer: rock
Q5) The ______ is the innermost compositional layer of solid Earth.
Answer: core
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Chapter 2: Earth Materials
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Q1) Ionic bonds are the strongest chemical bonds,and elements and compounds with ionic bonds (such as diamond)tend to be strong and hard.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Silicon is the most abundant element in Earth's crust.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) What holds rocks together?
Answer: Igneous and metamorphic rocks are held together by the interlocking of their grains.The loose particles of sedimentary rocks are held together by compaction,during which the mineral grains are held together by the pressure of overlying sediment,cementing of open spaces within a rock,and/or recrystallization - a process that occurs when growing grains interlock because of increasing pressure and heat.
Q4) _____ and silicon are the two most common elements in Earth's crust.
Answer: Oxygen
Q5) The mass number of an atom is the sum of the protons and ______.
Answer: neutrons
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Chapter 3: How Old Is Old the Rock Record and Geologic
Time
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Sample Questions
Q1) The oldest radiometric date reported for an individual mineral grain from a sedimentary rock is approximately _____.
A)4)4 billion years
B)4)56 billion years
C)4)4 million years
D)4)56 million years
Answer: A
Q2) The geologic era in which animals with hard shells first appeared is the A)Mesozoic.
B)Cenozoic
C)Paleozoic.
D)PreCambrian.
Answer: C
Q3) If you know the half-life of a radioactive isotope that occurs in an igneous rock,what must you measure to determine the age of the rock?
Answer: You must measure the amount of daughter isotope remaining in the rock.You must also have some way to measure the original amount of parent and daughter element within the rock.
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Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) Wegener was the first scientist to notice the close fit between the continents of Africa and South America.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why is the area where the ocean meets the land not necessarily the edge of the continent?
Q3) Why are the depths of earthquake foci relatively shallow when associated with transform plate boundaries?
Q4) What was the name of the floral fossils Wegener used to support his idea of continental drift?
A)Mesosaurus
B)trilobites
C)Glossopteris
D)Pseudoschwagerina
E)Quercus
Q5) The Red Sea and East Africa are good examples of divergent plate boundaries.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How do paleomagnetic stripes on the sea-floor support sea-floor spreading?
Q7) Why are volcanoes not present with all types of plate boundaries?
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Chapter 5: Earthquakes and Earths Interior
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Q1) The largest measured displacement caused by an earthquake was 15m.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A seismic wave that travels by alternating pulses of compression and expansion is known as a _______wave.
Q3) The average density of the planet Earth as a whole is _______.
Q4) A place along a fault where an earthquake has not occurred in a long time is called paleoseismology.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The theory that stress is continually built up along a fault and released when earthquake occurs is known as _______.
Q6) Measurements on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale range from _______.
Q7) _______ waves travel at approximately 3.5 km/sec.
Q8) What are the similarities and differences between the Richter Scale and the Modified Mercalli Scale?
Q9) P-waves travel by compression-expansion.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) A separation of melted materials from remaining solid materials during the course of melting is known as crystallization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Scientists can never predict when a volcano will erupt.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sulfur dioxide,which is released during volcanic eruptions,forms small droplets in the atmosphere called _______.
Q4) The texture of igneous rocks that contain large crystals set in a finer matrix is known as _______.
Q5) The Hawaiian Islands are composed of what type of volcanoes?
A)shield
B)stratovolcanoes
C)cinder cones
D)flood basalts
E)none of the above
Q6) When magma is injected horizontally between layers and solidifies,a(n)_______ forms.
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Chapter 7: Weathering and Erosion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Partially decayed organic matter in soil is called _______.
A)humus
B)sand
C)kaolin
D)clay
E)slurry
Q2) The never-ending formation and destruction of Earth materials is called the _______.
A)water cycle
B)life cycle
C)tectonic cycle
D)rock cycle
E)none of the above
Q3) Explain the similarities and differences between root wedging and frost wedging.
Q4) Soil profiles that contain a distinct E-horizon typically form in _______.
Q5) A _______ is any mass-wasting process that involves a flowing motion (movement)of regolith containing water and/or air in its pores.
Q6) Describe the rock cycle.
Q7) _______ often involve(s)the massive displacement of rock or sediment straight down a steep slope.
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Chapter 8: From Sediment to Sedimentary Rock
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Q1) Which of the following is a category of sedimentary rocks formed by the precipitation of minerals dissolved in a lake,river,or seawater?
A)clastic
B)biogenic
C)chemical
D)turbidites
E)diagenetic
Q2) Mudcracks are sedimentary structures formed in wet/dry environments.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Glacial till is an example of a deposit that is _____.
A)well sorted
B)poorly sorted
C)well rounded
D)Mediumly rounded
E)spherical
Q4) Banded iron formations are almost all approximately 1.8-2.5 million years old.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain how geologists use sedimentary structures.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Folds, faults, and Geological Maps
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Q1) Uniform stress is stress that is stronger in one direction than in the other directions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A diagram that shows the nature of underground geologic features is known as a _____.
A)topographic map
B)normal fault
C)thrust fault
D)geologic contact
E)geologiccross-section
Q3) Lines of equal elevation on a topographic map are called contour lines.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the difference between strike and dip.
Q5) Recognizable boundaries in rock layers are also known as _____.
Q6) Stress that is different in different directions is said to be _____.
Q7) The tilted anticlines and synclines that form the mountains of Pennsylvania are said to be _____.
Q8) Describe the difference between an anticline and a syncline.
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Chapter 10: Metamorphism: New Rock From Old
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Q1) Please list the different type of metamorphic facies and the environments in which they form.
Q2) _____are common with contact metamorphism.
Q3) _____ is the metamorphic process by which the chemical composition of the rock is changed by the addition or removal of fluids.
A)Stress
B)Foliation
C)Slaty cleavage
D)Metasomatism
E)Burial metamorphism
Q4) Metamorphic rocks can occur from sedimentary and igneous rocks.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gneiss is a high grade metamorphic rock than is commonly banded.
A)True
B)False
Q6) _____are composite rocks composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Q7) Metasomatism refers to mechanical alterations of a rock.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Water on and Under the Ground
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Q1) A water-filled abandoned meander in a meandering stream is known as a(n)_____.
Q2) The water table is located at the top of the zone of saturation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is a cone of depression?
Q4) A(n)_____ occurs when a stream's discharge becomes so great that it exceeds the capacity of the channel,causing the stream to overflow its banks.
Q5) Stalactites are carbonate deposits that commonly occur on the floors of caves.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Subsurface water contained in pore spaces in regolith and bedrock is known as
A)water table
B)groundwater
C)aquifer
D)aquiclude
E)transpiration
Q7) The Ohio River is a good example of a _____ stream.
Q9) How does a hydrograph help society? Page 13
Q8) Approximately _____ of water demand in society is used for industrial use.
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Page 14
Chapter 12: The Ocean and the Atmosphere
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Q1) The term "conveyer belt circulation" is also referred to as _____.
A)the ocean tides
B)the thermohaline circulation
C)deep ocean circulation
D)North Atlantic Current
E)Antarctic bottom water
Q2) How does the Pacific Ocean El Nino current affect global climate?
Q3) A ridge of sand and gravel that connects an island to a mainland is a(n)_____.
A)barrier bar
B)tombolo
C)spit
D)estuary
E)jetty
Q4) Salt in ocean water comes from volcanic sources and rock weathering.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The troposphere contains approximately 50% of the atmosphere's mass.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What factors contribute to creating weather?
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Climatic Extremes: Deserts and Glaciers
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Q1) An abraded and wind-shaped sediment or rock is a(n)_____.
Q2) Most deserts have extensive sand dunes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A ridge of material that rides along the middle of a glacial ice stream is called a _____ moraine.
A)terminal
B)recessional
C)medial
D)lateral
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a type of desert?
A)interior
B)subtropical
C)Polar
D)grassland
Q5) Bajadas are steep-sided canyons that result from erosion by the rapid run-off from intense rainfall.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Why is some land in Antarctica depressed below sea level?
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Earths Climates: Past,
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Q1) Global warming refers to present-day warming of the world's climate that most scientists believe is likely to continue and is,at least,partly caused by human activities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If greenhouse gas levels remain the same as today,we can expect 50-year temperature increases in the range of _____ °C:
A)10-25
B)0)5-1.5
C)2-6
D)0)1-0.3
E)30-40
Q3) Precession (Earth's wobble)has a period of approximately _____.
A)100,000 years
B)26,000 years
C)41,000 years
D)All are considered variations in Earth's orbit that affect climate.
E)None are considered variations in Earth's orbit that affect climate.
Q4) How would reduced use of fossil fuels reduce global warming?
Q5) A _____ occurs when a system is stabilizing or self-limiting.
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Chapter 15: A Brief History of Life on Earth
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Q1) Which of the following gases was NOT likely contained in Earth's primary atmosphere?
A)argon
B)nitrogen
C)helium
D)oxygen
E)hydrogen
Q2) Summarize what we know about stages of human evolution
Q3) Few mammal species can survive in less than a 10% oxygen atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Our own species,along with the Neandertals,belong to the genus _____.
Q5) The 20 carbon-based compounds that are the essential building blocks of all proteinsare _____.
A)polymerases
B)amino acids
C)polyesters
D)macromolecules
E)DNA
Q6) What are the basic assumptions of Darwin's theory of evolution?
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Understanding Earths Resources
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Q1) A deposit from which one or more minerals may be extracted is a(n)______.
Q2) Explain the necessary conditions needed to produce a petroleum trap.
Q3) The following forms of energy are in common use EXCEPT ______,which is so far undeveloped.
A)ocean-wave power
B)photovoltaic cells
C)wind turbines
D)nuclear energy
E)hydroelectric
Q4) Why should we be concerned about future mineral resources?
Q5) _____ is an indirect means of harnessing current solar energy.
A)nuclear energy
B)coal
C)wind power
D)geothermal power
E)tidal power
Q6) Earth's primary energy sources are the sun,geothermal,and the _______.
Q7) Valuable mineral resources often precipitate from hot groundwater sources.
A)True
B)False
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