Introduction to Geography Final Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Geography provides students with an overview of the fundamental concepts, methods, and perspectives that define the field of geography. The course explores the study of the earths physical features, human societies, and the complex interactions between people and their environments. Topics include the analysis of maps, climate patterns, landforms, population distribution, cultural landscapes, and patterns of economic activity. By developing spatial thinking skills and a global perspective, students will better understand how geographic factors shape both local and global issues.
Recommended Textbook
Geosystems An Introduction to Physical Geography 9th Edition by Robert W. Christopherson
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20 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Essentials of Geography
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Sample Questions
Q1) An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of Earth is termed
A) longitude.
B) latitude.
C) zenith.
D) Greenwich distance.
Answer: A
Q2) Longitude measures distances east or west of a prime meridian on Earth's surface.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) If you were standing at 20° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?
A) tropical
B) midlatitude
C) equatorial
D) subarctic
E) subtropical
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Solar Energy to Earth and the Seasons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earth is farthest from the Sun at perihelion and closest at aphelion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The southern hemisphere's summer solstice occurs
A) at the same time as the northern hemisphere's summer solstice.
B) on or around June 21.
C) on or around December 21.
D) during the northern hemisphere's equinox.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is true of Quito, Ecuador (0° 15' N, 78° 35' S)?
A) Quito experiences days and nights of equal lengths throughout the year.
B) During the June Solstice, Quito experiences 24 hours of darkness because it is completely outside of the circle of illumination.
C) At noon on June 21st, the sun is directly overhead in Quito.
D) Quito is at a latitude that is never the subsolar point.
Answer: A
Q4) For where you live, how do daylength and the Sun's altitude vary throughout the year?
Answer: Answers will vary depending on where students live.
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Earths Modern Atmosphere
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of gases in the heterosphere?
A) The hydrogen, helium, oxygen and nitrogen are well mixed.
B) The hydrogen and helium occur at the top of the heterosphere, and the nitrogen and oxygen at the bottom.
C) The nitrogen and oxygen occur at the top of the heterosphere and the hydrogen and helium at the bottom.
D) Nitrogen occurs at the top, followed-in descending order-by helium, oxygen and hydrogen.
Answer: B
Q2) The ionosphere resides principally within the thermosphere, and the ozonosphere resides within the stratosphere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Depletion of the ozone layer is happening principally because of natural circulation dynamics in the upper atmosphere, not chemical reactions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Atmosphere and Surface Energy Balances
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Sample Questions
Q1) The principle of Rayleigh scatter states that atmospheric particles larger than the wavelength of light account for the differential scattering of shorter wavelengths of light.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The analogy of a greenhouse is
A) completely unrelated to our Earth-atmosphere system, and should never have been used to describe global warming.
B) exactly how the Earth-atmosphere system operates.
C) a useful, but inaccurate model since atmospheric gases do not trap, but absorb heat.
D) while it incorrectly describes shortwave energy transmission, it perfectly encapsulates how longwave terrestrial radiation is trapped.
Q3) The climate of a large urban area doesn't typically differ from the climate of nearby rural areas.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is Rayleigh scatter? What is mie scatter? How does scattering contribute to the color of the sky.
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Chapter 5: Global Temperatures
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Sample Questions
Q1) From 1982 through 2010, average annual sea-surface temperature (SST)
A) followed an opposite trend of air temperature and decreased.
B) increased until 1993, then slightly decreased.
C) steadily increased.
D) remained fairly constant.
Q2) Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
A) San Francisco - marine
B) Trondheim - continentality
C) Verkhoyansk - continentality
D) Wichita - continentality
Q3) Daily mean temperature is factored in one of two ways: either the average of hourly temperature readings taken over a 24-hour day or the average of the daily minimum-maximum reading.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In winter, isotherms over the interior of Northern Hemisphere continents trend equatorward.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare, contrast, and explain maritime and continental conditions.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Air flow is initiated by the
A) Coriolis force.
B) pressure gradient force.
C) friction force.
D) centrifugal force.
Q2) Which of the following matches is correct relative to air circulation?
A) anticyclone = low pressure center
B) cyclone = high pressure center
C) cyclone = clockwise circulation in the Southern Hemisphere
D) anticyclone = counterclockwise circulation in the Northern Hemisphere
Q3) Which of the following is not true regarding the effects of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption?
A) Aerosols mixed with other atmospheric debris, increasing the Earth's albedo.
B) Sulfur dioxide (SO ) aerosols decreased in the atmosphere due to the presence of ash.
C) A small, temporary decrease in average temperatures followed.
D) An aerosol cloud covered the globe, from 20° S to 30° N.
Q4) Describe the formation of ridges and troughs in the upper atmosphere and how they are connected with weather patterns.
Q5) Describe the characteristics of Northern Hemisphere jet streams.
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Chapter 7: Water and Atmospheric Moisture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Flat and puffy clouds with horizontal development are classed as A) cumumliform.
B) cirroform.
C) stratiform.
Q2) The smaller the difference in temperature between the wet bulb and dry bulb on a sling psychrometer, the ________ the air is and the ________.
A) drier; further the air temperature is from dew point
B) drier; closer the air temperature is to dew point
C) wetter; further the air temperature is from dew point
D) wetter; closer the air temperature is to dew point
Q3) If the saturation vapor pressure increases while the amount of water vapor in the air remains constant, this would indicate
A) that the temperature had increased.
B) that the temperature had decreased as a result of the loss of heat energy.
C) that the air was cooling by expansion.
D) none of the above
Q4) Evaporation is a warming process.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Weather
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term "orographic" refers to
A) convection stimulated principally by local heating.
B) lifting along the edges of conflicting air masses.
C) air mass modification and the formation of secondary air masses.
D) forced uplift due to the presence of a physical barrier.
E) vertical lifting due to converging air masses.
Q2) The frequency of tornadoes in the United States has been increasing over the last twenty years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The dry leeward side of a mountain is often termed a (n) A) rain shadow.
B) chinook.
C) front.
D) orogeny.
Q4) Examine the typical conditions that spawn hurricanes in the Atlantic. Describe the physical characteristics of a hurricane and examine why it can be so devastating to land.
Q5) Discuss the formation, physical characteristics, and typical precipitation patterns of thunderstorms.
10
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Chapter 9: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the location and percentage of all water on Earth. Where are the largest repositories; where are the smallest repositories?
Q2) Actual evapotranspiration (ACTET) is determined by
A) precipitation - deficit.
B) precipitation - surplus.
C) actual evapotranspiration - surplus.
D) potential evapotranspiration - deficit.
Q3) By current estimates, groundwater provides approximately 25% of the world's irrigation water.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Nonconsumptive water use involves the return of water to its source after use.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following is true regarding the hydrologic cycle?
A) The bulk of the precipitation occurs over land.
B) Very little moisture is evaporated from the sea to the land.
C) Twenty-two percent of Earth's precipitation falls over the oceans.
D) Seventy-eight percent of all precipitation falls on the oceans.
Q6) Draw and label a diagram of the hydrologic cycle.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Global Climate Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The largest repository of freshwater in the world is in ice-covered Antarctica.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The dry season in the tropical monsoon climate occurs when
A) cold air masses dominate the region.
B) the ITCZ has moves away from the region.
C) a continental polar air mass influences the region.
D) cold ocean currents shift into the region.
Q3) Tropical, subtropical hot desert climates are generally found on the eastern side of continents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Climatic regions are characterized by distinctive weather patterns.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Heave annual snowfalls is a common occurrence in Antarctica.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Construct a climograph for your city or town.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Climate Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ice cores provide a climate record for the past ________ years.
A) 800,000
B) 2 million
C) 10 million
D) 70 million
Q2) Natural climate forcing is greater than anthropogenic climate forcing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) During the last century, sea level
A) dropped 3 to 5 cm (1.18 to 3.15 in.).
B) remained fairly constant, though some areas (such at the Atlantic coast) experienced moderate rises.
C) rose 30 to 46 cm (11.8 to 18 in.).
D) rose 17 to 21 cm (6.7 to 8.3 in.).
Q4) According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), warming of the climate system is unequivocal.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are some examples of positive and negative climate feedback loops?
Page 13
Q6) What steps can you take to help reduce climate change?
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Chapter 12: The Dynamic Planet
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Sample Questions
Q1) The uneven transition zone from the outer core to the mantle is known as the ________ discontinuity.
A) Gutenberg
B) Mohorovi i
C) Asthensosphere
D) Lithosphere
Q2) What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks?
A) sedimentary
B) metamorphic
C) igneous
D) hydrothermal
Q3) The oldest rocks on Earth are between 3.96 and 4.3 billion years old.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following layers of Earth is liquid and is responsible for producing Earth's magnetic field?
A) inner core
B) outer core
C) lower mantle
D) aesthenosphere
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Chapter 13: Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called A) cinders.
B) explosive debris.
C) tephra, or pyroclastics.
D) volcanic ash.
Q2) The Basin and Range Province in the western United States is a result of ________ faulting produced by ________ forces.
A) reverse; tensional
B) reverse; compressional
C) normal; tensional
D) normal; compressional
Q3) The first order of relief is the most detailed order and includes mountains, cliffs, valleys, hills, and other landforms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the seismic hazards in your area. Are these tectonically driven or induced seismicity.
Q5) Describe various volcanic landforms.
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Chapter 14: Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hydration involves
A) the chemical reaction of water.
B) the addition of water with little chemical change.
C) frost action.
D) salt crystal growth from evaporation.
Q2) A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called
A) a debris avalanche.
B) soil creep.
C) a soil slide.
D) a rockfall.
Q3) The principle that landscape formation is balance between endogenic and exogenic processes is called
A) the dynamic equilibrium model.
B) uniformitarianism.
C) catostrophism.
D) steady state theory.
Q4) Discuss the dynamic equilibrium model and the concept of geomorphic threshold.
Q5) Vegetation is necessary for the development of karst topography.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: River Systems and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Excess sediment may result in which of the following channel patterns?
A) V-shaped valleys
B) braided stream
C) meandering stream
D) straight, steep-walled channels
Q2) Describe the formation and typical characteristics of a floodplain.
Q3) ________ streams are not connected to groundwater systems and only flow after precipitation events.
A) Perennial
B) Intermittent
C) Ephemeral
D) Temporary
Q4) The sediment load consisting of fine-grained clastic particles held aloft in the stream is the
A) bed load.
B) suspended load.
C) dissolved load.
D) flow load.
Q5) Define the following terms: drainage basis, drainage divide, interfluve, and valley.
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Chapter 16: The Oceans, Coastal Processes, and Wind
Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ocean waves are the product of the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. A)True
B)False
Q2) The freezing point of seawater is lower than that of freshwater due to the presences of dissolved salts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the difference between an ocean and a sea?
A) The term sea is used to describe the global, interconnected water body covering 70% of the Earth's surface, whereas oceans refer to the individual basins within this global sea.
B) An ocean is a vast body of water encompassing 70% of the Earth, whereas a sea refers specifically to a large, inland, saline body of water.
C) Seas are generally smaller than an ocean and tend to be associated with land masses, whether partially enclosed by land or large, inland, saline water bodies.
D) There is no difference, just a different term for the same physical feature.
Q4) What accounts for the coastal straightening and the formation of a longshore current?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Glacial and Periglacial Processes and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the importance of periglacial processes.
Q2) The average thickness of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is more than
A) 1,000 m (3,280 ft).
B) 2,000 m (6,500 ft).
C) 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
D) 4,000 m (13,100 ft).
Q3) Elongated hills, often in the shape of an inverted spoon, streamlined in the direction of glacial movement are called
A) eskers.
B) kettles.
C) drumlins.
D) horns.
Q4) Approximately, 81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica are covered with ice sheets. A)True B)False
Q5) What is the importance of the Pleistocene ice age epoch to the modern day?
Q6) A talik connects the surface to groundwater in discontinuous permafrost.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: The Geography of Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which soil order occupies the most land area worldwide?
A) Oxisols
B) Mollisols
C) Aridisols
D) Andisols
Q2) Soil is composed of 70% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and varying amounts of water and air totaling 25%.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Soils are remarkably uniform from the surface to bedrock.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and briefly describe the various chemical properties used to differentiate soils.
Q5) Which of the following best describes soil?
A) Soil is composed of solely mineral fragments less than 2 mm in size.
B) Soil lacks biological material.
C) Soil is a renewable resource.
D) Soil is a dynamic natural material composed of water, air, mineral fragments, and organic matter.
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Chapter 19: Ecosystem Essentials
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study of the spatial distribution of the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the environmental factors that control that distribution would be an example of a topic studied in
A) biogeography.
B) ecology.
C) pedology.
D) plant biology.
Q2) Contemporary biogeographic and ecological thinking posits that disturbance constantly disrupts ecosystems and a community may never reach the stage of climax community.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Most of the Earth's organisms have been identified and classified.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The gaseous oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere was produced as a by-product of A) volcanic outgassing.
B) photochemical reactions breaking down ozone (O ) to form oxygen (O ).
C) photosynthesis.
D) decay of organic matter.
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Chapter 20: Terrestrial Biomes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The climate of the tropical rain forest biome is best described as
A) consistently warm, but seasonally dry.
B) having a distinct cold and warm season.
C) mild winter with a very hot summer.
D) consistently warm and wet.
Q2) This biome occurs in equatorial regions with erratic rainfall and typically occur on the margins of tropic rainforests.
A) Mediterranean shrubland
B) temperate rain forest
C) tropical savanna
D) tropical seasonal forest and scrub
Q3) Due to the dense tropical rain forest canopy, only about 1% of the sunlight arriving at the canopy reaches the forest floor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Boreal forest soils are subject to podzolization.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the important factors used in defining a biogeographic realm?
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