Introduction to Geography
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Geography provides students with an overview of the fundamental concepts, methods, and perspectives that define the study of geography. The course explores the interactions between human societies and their physical environments, examining topics such as maps and spatial data, landforms, climate, ecosystems, population distribution, urbanization, and cultural landscapes. Through case studies and practical examples, students gain a foundational understanding of how geography shapes natural and human processes at local, regional, and global scales, and learn to analyze and interpret spatial patterns in the world around them.
Recommended Textbook
Elemental Geosystems 6th Edition by
Robert W. Christopherson
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16 Chapters
1791 Verified Questions
1791 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Foundations of Geography
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140 Verified Questions
140 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristic of Earth's surface.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The most extreme northern and southern parallels to experience perpendicular rays of the Sun at local noon are located at A) the equator.
B) 23.5 degrees north and south.
C) 45 degrees north and south.
D) 66.5 degrees north and south.
Answer: B
Q3) Latitude is easily determined using celestial objects whereas longitude is not easily calculated in such a manner and requires time-keeping devices.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) List the five principal themes of modern geographic education. Answer: location; place; region; human-Earth relationship; movement
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Chapter 2: Solar Energy, Seasons, and the Atmosphere
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169 Verified Questions
169 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding the depletion of ozone in the ozonosphere?
A) The depletion is restricted to the arctic and antarctic regions.
B) It results from chemical reactions with chlorine that is derived from CFCs.
C) It results from the burning of fossil fuels.
D) There is little scientific evidence to support the idea that ozone is being depleted as a result of human activity.
Answer: B
Q2) On the northern hemisphere's summer solstice, the north polar region receives ________ daily insolation than areas nearer the equator because ________.
A) more; the Sun does not set
B) more; the Sun is higher in the sky
C) less; the Sun does not rise
D) less; the Sun is lower in the sky
Answer: A
Q3) Normal rainfall has a neutral pH.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The coldest time of the year occurs in December at the time of the winter solstice.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which is true of climate change in polar regions?
A) Temperatures have changed less in the polar regions than the middle and low latitudes.
B) Increased fresh water run off is increasing thermohaline circulation.
C) Both the temperatures and the rate of temperature rise have risen.
D) Sea ice cover has increased at 9% per decade since 1978.
Answer: C
Q3) You would expect a tropical island to have a high degree of continentality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Snow lines generally occur at higher elevations with increasing latitude.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
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105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the day along the coast, the wind tends to blow toward the ________ because ________.
A) land; land heats more rapidly than water
B) land; land heats more slowly than water
C) water; water heats more slowly than land
D) water; water heats more rapidly than land
Q2) Which of the following refers to \(\underline { \text { secondary circulation } }\)?
A) migratory high and low pressure systems
B) weather patterns
C) general circulation of the atmosphere
D) mountain-valley breezes
Q3) The Polar high above the North Pole is a ________ pressure system that produces variable winds that flow in a/an ________ pattern.
A) strong; cyclonic
B) strong; anticyclonic
C) weak; cyclonic
D) weak; anticyclonic
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Chapter 5: Atmospheric Water and Weather
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161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the heat energy involved in the change of state, or phase, in water?
A) mechanical heat
B) sensible heat
C) fusion heat
D) latent heat
Q2) Water has a density of
A) 0.5 g/cm.
B) 1 g/cm.
C) 2.5 g/cm.
D) 15 g/cm.
Q3) Which of the following is true of the distribution of land and water on Earth?
A) The Southern Hemisphere is dominated by water.
B) The Northern Hemisphere is dominated by water.
C) They are evenly distributed in both hemispheres.
D) Most of the water on Earth is fresh water.
Q4) As temperature increases during the day, relative humidity usually A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains the same.
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Chapter 6: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) The water in a confined aquifer is under pressure of its own weight, creating a pressure level called the
A) artesian water level.
B) aquifer recharge force.
C) potentiometric surface.
D) water table.
Q2) Approximately what percentage of our bodies is comprised of water?
A) 5 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 99 percent
Q3) The term "cone of depression" refers to
A) a change in the level of the soil water zone.
B) a depression in the water table formed by rapid ground water withdrawal.
C) a depression in Earth's surface formed by ground water withdrawal.
D) a graphical representation of the decline in the rate of ground water flow as an aquifer dries out.
Q4) Precipitation normally includes rain, sleet, snow, dew, clouds, and fog.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Global Climate Systems
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104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Kyoto Protocol called for a reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If precipitation is \(\underline {\text { less than }}\) 1/2 potential evapotranspiration, the climate is
A) tropical rain forest.
B) desert.
C) tropical savanna.
D) steppe.
Q3) The Midlatitude Cold Desert climates are more moist than the Low-Latitude Hot Steppe climates.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ITCZ migrates with the high Sun and influences the Tropical Monsoon climates.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The largest repository of freshwater in the world is in ice-covered Antarctica. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet
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Sample Questions
Q1) Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from
A) direct sampling of the interior using deep-test wells.
B) work in Earth's deepest caverns and caves.
C) indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves.
D) historic and prehistoric records.
Q2) A rock made of clay particles is most likely to have formed in which of the following environments?
A) beach
B) desert
C) swamp
Q3) Which of the following is matched correctly?
A) granite - metamorphic
B) basalt - sedimentary
C) magma - lava
D) sandstone - igneous
Q4) An example of an intrusive igneous formation is a pluton.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Earthquakes and Volcanoes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the
A) western coasts.
B) eastern coasts.
C) southern coasts.
D) mid-continent.
Q2) The most detailed order of relief applies to ________ order relief features.
A) first
B) second
C) third
Q3) The concept of "orders of relief" refers to
A) the ordering of surface features based on height.
B) the ordering of surface features based on their time of origin.
C) the scale of features.
D) the rate at which stress is relieved in the crust.
Q4) Explosive eruptions tend to build up
A) shield-shaped volcanoes.
B) plateau basalts.
C) composite volcanoes.
D) many subsequent lava flows.
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Chapter 10: Weathering, Karst Landscapes, and Mass Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 1973, part of the flat ground on which a subdivision was located became saturated and began to flow toward the Saint Lawrence River at speeds of up to 26 kmph (16 mph). The ground that flowed consisted of silts and clays-not large, rocky regolith. What type of mass wasting event was this?
A) debris avalanche
B) soil creep
C) Earth flow
D) lahar
Q2) All processes that cause the wearing away or rearrangement of landforms are included in the term
A) mass movement.
B) mass wasting.
C) weathering.
D) denudation.
Q3) The \(\underline {\text { suspended } }\) load of a stream's transportation refers to those coarser materials that are dragged along the stream bed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Chapter 11 River Systems and Landforms
Page 12
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Chapter 12: Wind Processes and Desert Landscapes
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Sample Questions
Q1) On the desert floor, at locally low elevations, an intermittently wet-and-dry flat area in a region of closed (interior) drainage is called a
A) wash.
B) wadi.
C) playa.
D) arroyo.
Q2) The dust in a dust storm consists primarily of wind-blown sand.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Small particles are difficult for wind to move because
A) although they are small, they have a higher density than many of the larger sized particles in a desert environment.
B) they are aerodynamic.
C) they tend to be cohesive.
D) all of these
E) They are aerodynamic and cohesive only.
Q4) Barchan, transverse, and parabolic dunes are all types of crescentic sand dunes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: The Oceans, Coastal Processes, and Landforms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dangerous "sleeper waves" result from
A) earthquakes.
B) volcanic eruptions.
C) submarine landslides.
D) constructive, in-phase interference.
Q2) The coast extends inland
A) to the foreshore dune.
B) to the backshore dune.
C) to the trough between the primary and secondary dune.
D) to the highest water line that occurs during a storm.
E) from the high tide level to the first major landform change.
Q3) Brackish water would most likely occur
A) in the subtropics.
B) in the Mediterranean region.
C) in a tropical lagoon.
D) in a deltaic swamp.
Q4) A beach acts to stabilize a shoreline by absorbing wave energy, even though materials are in almost constant motion.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 14: Glacial and Penglacial Landscapes
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95 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A pyramidal peak formed in glaciated mountains is
A) a col.
B) an arete.
C) a horn.
D) a cirque.
Q2) Drumlins look like ________ and they occur ________.
A) mesas; in isolation
B) mesas; in swarms
C) inverted spoons; in isolation
D) inverted spoons; in swarms
E) roche moutonnées; in isolation
Q3) A continuous mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as a
A) tidal glacier.
B) mountain glacier.
C) continental glacier.
D) valley glacier.
Q4) Glacial ice forms more quickly in polar environments than in midlatitude, alpine environments.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 15: The Geography of Soils
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101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oxisols are ________ and ________.
A) highly leached; nutrient-rich
B) highly leached; nutrient-poor
C) poorly leached; nutrient-rich
D) poorly leached; nutrient-poor
Q2) Irrigation runoff can sometimes kill wildlife.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A roughly equal mixture of sand, silt, and clay is called
A) humus.
B) regolith.
C) solum.
D) loam.
Q4) Histosols develop in cold, arid climates.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A dark colored soil is usually rich in organic matter.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Ecosystems and Biomes
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171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of much of the vegetation in the tropical savanna?
A) waxy leaves
B) thick bark
C) large leaves
D) hairy leaves
Q2) Which of the following expresses the correct relationship?
A) chloroplasts are chlorophyll
B) chlorophyll is in chloroplasts
C) guard cells control stomata
D) both A and C
E) both B and C
Q3) Humans have identified ________ species; while the working estimate is ________ estimated species on Earth.
A) 1,750,000; 13,600,000
B) 950,000; 13,600,000
C) 270,000; 320,000
D) 950,000; 8,000,000
E) 1,750,000; 100,000,000
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Chapter 17: Earth and the Human Denominator
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Sample Questions
Q1) This is not one of the variables of the planetary impact equation.
A) population
B) affluence
C) technology
D) education level
Q2) Oil spills can cause mutations in organisms exposed to the oil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Currently, the average natural increase of human population is about ________ percent.
A) 1.2
B) 1.9
C) 2.3
D) 2.8
Q4) This region has the highest per-capita energy use.
A) North America
B) Asia
C) Europe
D) South America
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