

Introduction to Environmental Studies
Question Bank
Course Introduction
Introduction to Environmental Studies provides a foundational overview of the complex relationships between humans and their natural environment. The course explores key concepts such as ecosystems, biodiversity, sustainability, and environmental ethics, while examining the causes and consequences of major environmental issues such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion. Students will critically analyze how cultural, economic, and political factors influence environmental policies and practices, and will be introduced to potential solutions for promoting a more sustainable future. Through interdisciplinary approaches, the course encourages the development of critical thinking and informed decision-making about environmental challenges on local, regional, and global scales.
Recommended Textbook
Living in the Environment 3rd Canadian Edition by G. Miller
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Page 2

Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement characterizes developed countries?
A)they make up about 20% of the world's population
B)they are primarily in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
C)they have low to moderate GNPs per person
D)they experience annual population growth of about 16%
Answer: A
Q2) How does Canada's ecological footprint compare to that of the Netherlands?
Answer: Canada's ecological footprint is over three times as high.
Q3) Fish, freshwater, wild animals, and fertile soil are examples of ______________________________.
Answer: renewable resources
Q4) Which statement characterizes developing countries ?
A)they include the US, Canada, Japan, and the former Soviet Union
B)they have high average GNPs per person
C)they make up about one-tenth of the world's population
D)they use about 12% of the world's resources
Answer: D
Q5) Non-renewable resources include ______________________________ such as oil and natural gas that cannot be recycled.
Answer: energy resources
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Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past
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Sample Questions
Q1) Today, most wood bison are found in ________________________________________ and in parts of northern Alberta.
Answer: Wood Buffalo National Park
Q2) In Canada, the British North American Act of 1867 placed wildlife in the hands of the provinces.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which is the step after which the soil's nutrients are depleted?
Answer: Step 3
Q4) Which decade is considered the golden age of conservation?
A)1890-1900
B)1900-1910
C)1910-1920
D)1920-1930
Answer: B
Q5) The agricultural revolution took place some 5000 to 6000 years ago.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is a valid conclusion based on the law of conservation of matter?
A)Everything must go somewhere.
B)We will eventually run out of matter if we keep consuming it at current rates.
C)Pollution can be eliminated completely.
D)We can throw everything away.
Answer: A
Q2) A small weigh scale was tested with a verified one-pound sample and the scale stated that the sample weighed 1.1 pounds.Which statement best describes the measurements that had been taken with this scale prior to the testing?
A)The measurements were accurate but not precise.
B)The measurements were both accurate and precise.
C)The measurements were neither accurate nor precise.
D)The measurements were precise but not accurate.
Answer: D
Q3) In a chemical change, matter may be moved by kinetic energy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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5

Chapter 4: Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They
Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the brown tree frogs and green tree frogs living in the same area would be part of the same population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which letter in the diagram indicates precipitation that can cause soil erosion?
Q3) Which process within the water cycle works against gravity?
A)transpiration
B)percolation
C)runoff
D)infiltration
Q4) Which service is most likely to be performed by the insect family?
A)plant pollination
B)chemosynthesis
C)soil compaction
D)plant growth
Q5) A saltwater solution is high-quality matter because the water can evaporate, leaving the salt concentrated.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Another word for consumer is ____________________. Page 6
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Page 7

Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term is analogous to an organism's niche?
A)food source
B)address
C)way of life
D)garbage dump
Q2) What percentage do biologists estimate is the portion of all species that ever lived which are now extinct?
A)39%
B)59%
C)79%
D)99%
Q3) The Arctic fox and the grey fox are an example of what type of isolation?
Q4) The process of natural selection leading to an entirely new species being formed is called ____________________.
Q5) When local environmental conditions change, species may become extinct through background extinction.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Geographic isolation can lead to ____________________ isolation.
Page 8
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Chapter 6: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The natural heating of the Earth is the result of _________________________ being trapped in the lower atmosphere.
Q2) Which mammal species most likely dominates the temperate deciduous forest in Canada?
A)bears
B)wildcats
C)foxes
D)deer
Q3) What is least likely to be found in a chaparral?
A)long, hot, dry summers
B)plants with large underground root systems
C)mild, slightly wet winters
D)epiphytes and a dense understory
Q4) What are the two most important factors determining the climate of an area?
A)ocean currents and light
B)temperature and precipitation
C)precipitation and light
D)temperature and ocean currents
Q5) What is the difference between a tornado and a tropical cyclone?
Q6) Most grasslands are found in the ____________________ of continents.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which zone does most of the photosynthesis in the open sea occur?
A)in the coastal zone
B)in the bathyal zone
C)in the abyssal zone
D)in the euphotic zone
Q2) During which season is a temperate lake most likely to show thermal stratification and restriction on mixing of surface and deeper waters?
A)in the summer
B)in the winter
C)in the fall
D)in the spring
Q3) What is a characteristic of the floodplain zone of a river?
A)it interacts with the saltwater aquatic zone
B)it is a poor place to fish
C)it has clear, cold water
D)it has low net primary production
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the zone that is dominated by the process of decomposition?
Q5) Ecologically speaking, why should people care about the oceans?
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Chapter 8: Community Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which relationship is an example of a positive feedback loop?
A)competition
B)co-operation
C)mutualism
D)predation
Q2) What habitat would have relatively little species biodiversity?
A)a middle-latitude grassland
B)a low-latitude forest
C)the polar regions
D)a high-latitude forest
Q3) The rat is an example of a(n) ____________________ because it reproduces and disperses rapidly and rats produce many offspring to ensure survival of the species.
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the start of secondary ecological succession?
Q5) Compared to forests, which set of characteristics do grasslands have?
A)more diversity and more resilience
B)more diversity and more inertia
C)less diversity and more inertia
D)less diversity and more resilience
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Chapter 9: Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What determines biotic potential?
A)the reproductive age span
B)how many offspring die before reproducing
C)the minimum viable population
D)irruptive populations
Q2) A species whose population size fluctuates slightly above and below its carrying capacity is said to have a fairly ____________________ population size.
Q3) All K-selected species have fewer, larger offspring than most other species.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the survivorship curve for a typical fish?
A)late loss
B)constant loss
C)early loss
D)no loss
Q5) Which letter in the diagram represents a population's capacity for growth?
Q6) A(n) ________________________________________ is a fleeting solution for a high-throughput economy.
Q7) Which letter in the diagram represents limiting abiotic factors?
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Chapter 10: Applying Population Ecology: the Human Population
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one reason why India's family planning has yielded disappointing results?
A)high status of women
B)increasing middle class
C)increased immigration from the Middle East
D)poor planning and bureaucratic inefficiency
Q2) Which statement reflects the views of many of the world's leading population scientists and analysts?
A)Some parts of the world have exceeded their carrying capacity for humans, although most parts do not have this concern.
B)Some parts of the world have exceeded their carrying capacity for humans, and, given current population trends, eventually other parts of the world will too.
C)All parts of the world are well below their carrying capacity for humans.
D)All parts of the world have exceeded their carrying capacity for humans.
Q3) According to the diagram, at which stage does population growth continue, but at a slower and perhaps fluctuating rate?
Q4) Two advantages of ______________________________ are the resulting decreases in both birth rates and abortions.
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Chapter 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following countries is putting forth the most effort to preserve and protect its lands?
A)Costa Rica
B)Panama
C)Nicaragua
D)Honduras
Q2) Why are wilderness areas needed?
A)to preserve biological diversity
B)for the high number of recreational users
C)to improve sustainable timber production
D)to improve sustainable organic agriculture
Q3) What is NOT likely to be a part of ecosystem restoration?
A)secondary succession
B)replacement
C)creating artificial ecosystems
D)rehabilitation
Q4) The ______________________________of something is the value that the thing has "in itself" or "for its own sake".
Page 14
Q5) Describe the aspen parkland in Canada.
Q6) What are the basic causes of natural capital degradation of tropical forests?
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Page 15

Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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Sample Questions
Q1) A basic cause of depletion of wild species is poverty in human populations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which animal has a role in the propagation of cashews, avocados, and bananas?
A)the hummingbird
B)the bat
C)the bee
D)the manatee
Q3) ______________________________ serves many purposes, such as allowing more control over breeding in order to avoid inbreeding, and facilitating educational and public awareness programs.
Q4) Which term did biologist E.O.Wilson give to the sense of affinity that most people feel toward the natural world?
A)technophobia
B)biophobi
C)technophilia
D)biophilia
Q5) The African honeybee in Brazil is a(n) ______________________________ and has displaced the established honeybee.
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Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Almost one-third of the global annual fish catch, from all sources, is thrown overboard.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Maximum sustained yield has helped prevent the collapse of most commercially valuable stocks of fish.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What ecological services do wetlands provide?
Q4) ____________________ whales are filter feeders.
Q5) Currently, the fishery throws away about ____________________% of the annual global catch.
Q6) One way to help build Canada's salmon populations is to protect their ____________________ beds.
Q7) Which ocean region has the most biodiversity?
A)the intertidal
B)the pelagic
C)the surface
D)the benthic
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Q8) Sackville Waterfowl Park is located in ____________________, New Brunswick.

Chapter 14: Food and Soil Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of all jobs in Canada's private sector aregenerated by agriculture?
A)about 5%
B)about 10%
C)about 25%
D)about 50%
Q2) Which activity causes more pollution and environmental degradation than any other human activity?
A)transportation
B)agriculture
C)recreation
D)industry
Q3) Which type of agriculture is most characteristic of developing countries?
A)plantation agriculture
B)traditional subsistence agriculture
C)traditional intensive agriculture
D)industrialized agriculture
Q4) Worldwide food production has declined since 1950.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Canada has about 35% of the world's supply of fresh water.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which condition in the Himalayan watershed contributes to flooding in Bangladesh?
A)dam construction
B)forest conservation
C)rapid population growth
D)sustainable farming
Q3) Which of the following is a suitable method for reducing flood risks to humans?
A)Use channelization.
B)Prohibit the construction of dams.
C)Subsidize development in floodplains.
D)Remove vegetation and wetland buffers in floodplains.
Q4) What consumes the most water in Canada?
A)industry
B)energy production
C)irrigation
D)power plant cooling
Q5) What water problem is particular to Canada?
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Chapter 16: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sandstone and limestone are examples of ____________________ rock.
Q2) What is a typical use of a depletion curve?
A)to project remaining undiscovered resources
B)to predict when a resource will become a reserve
C)to project the depletion time for a resource
D)to project when uneconomic resources will become economically feasible
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of a mineral?
A)A mineral is organic.
B)A mineral has a regular crystal structure.
C)A mineral can be liquid.
D)A mineral can only be made by humans.
Q4) Which classification includes lava rock?
A)metamorphic
B)crystal
C)igneous
D)sedimentary
Q5) Scientists use the ______________________________ to measure the strength of earthquakes.
Q6) What are the environmental effects of mining exploration and extraction?
Q7) How are mineral deposits located?
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Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________________ can be used in stationary applications such as for generating electricity or heating buildings, or for powering vehicles, buses, and trains.
Q2) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the type of coal called lignite?
Q3) What is one method of decommissioning nuclear power plants?
A)mothballing
B)decomposition
C)immediate retrofitting
D)spent fuel reprocessing
Q4) The ____________________ the net energy ratio, the greater the net energy available.
Q5) Why are synthetic fuels not a viable option right now?
Q6) What are the advantages of drilling for oil in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge?
Q7) In how many years will global coal supplies most likely be depleted, depending on rates of consumption?
A)about 10 to 20 years
B)about 20 to 40 years
C)about 100 to 200 years
D)about 200 to 1100 years
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Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which pair of terms best describes the net useful energy of oil, natural gas, and coal?
A)high and decreasing
B)high and increasing
C)moderate and stable
D)low and increasing
Q2) Which of the following is a renewable energy resource?
A)biomass
B)hydrogen fuel cell
C)natural gas
D)Nuclear energy
Q3) What is a micropower system?
A)It is a way of transmitting electricity via microwaves.
B)It involves installing electrical generators in individual homes and buildings.
C)It is a miniaturized photovoltaic cell.
D)It consists of small power stations distributed throughout a region.
Q4) ____________________ solar heating refers to the absorption of energy from the sun by pumping a heat-absorbing fluid through special collectors.
Q5) What does the R-value of insulation mean?
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Chapter 19: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a type of chemical hazard?
A)a hormone
B)LC50
C)a zymogen
D)a mutagen
Q2) Cigarette smoking is an example of a preventable hazard.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is a carcinogen?
Q4) Which of the following is a physical hazard?
A)poverty
B)a flood
C)poor diet
D)allergens
Q5) ______________________________ determine the intensity of the statistical association between exposure to a toxin and a health problem.
Q6) The _________________________ can be weakened by chemicals or radiation, which leaves the body open to attack from pathogens.
Q7) The Anopheles mosquito is a(n) ____________________ for malaria.
Page 23
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which substance creates photochemical smog when it interacts with primary pollutants?
A)sulphur dioxide
B)oxygen
C)sunlight
D)water vapour
Q2) Which disease has an incidence rate that is affected by cigarette smoking and air pollutants?
A)asbestosis
B)skin cancer
C)hepatitis
D)chronic bronchitis
Q3) What is the ratio of people living in urban areas with unhealthy air?
A)one in every two people
B)one in every six people
C)one in every nine people
D)one in every twenty people
Q4) Describe the sources of primary pollutants.
Q5) According to the image, which chemicals are primarily responsible for lowering the pH of rain?
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Chapter 21: Climate Change and Ozone Loss
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Sample Questions
Q1) What might be a consequence of rapid climate change?
A)premature deaths due to lack of food
B)decreased deaths due to warmer weather
C)increased biodiversity
D)social and economic stability
Q2) What was a result of meetings concerning the Kyoto Protocol?
A)Ontario and Alberta objected to the Kyoto Protocol.
B)Stephen Harper proposed a made-in-Canada solution and withdrew support of the Kyoto Protocol.
C)Nunavut, Manitoba, and Quebec supported the Kyoto Protocol.
D)George W.Bush withdrew U.S.support of the Kyoto Protocol because of cost and possible loss of jobs for workers.
Q3) What is NOT likely to be projected by a major climate model?
A)an Earth that is warmer than at any time in the last 10 000 years
B)more warming in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere
C)lower global sea levels
D)an increase of 1.4 to 5.8°C in the Earth's mean surface temperature by 2100
Q4) UV-A rays can easily be blocked by window glass.
A)True
B)False

Page 25
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Chapter 22: Water Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution?
A)a logged area
B)a coal mine
C)a sewage treatment plant
D)an electric power plant
Q2) How can farmers reduce pesticide water pollution?
A)by not using biological methods of pest control
B)by applying pesticides freely to crops during rain
C)by not using integrated pest management
D)by controlling runoff
Q3) Which strategy would NOT reduce cultural eutrophication?
A)pumping oxygen into lakes
B)instituting land-use control to prevent nutrient runoff
C)preventing as much outflow or drainage as possible from a lake
D)dredging lake bottoms
Q4) Which substance is included in ocean dumping bans?
A)hay bales
B)sewage sludge
C)industrial waste
D)iron

Page 26
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Chapter 23: Pest Management
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Q1) Which category do maneb and aldicarb belong to?
A)contact insecticides
B)pyrethroids
C)carbamates
D)chlorinated hydrocarbons
Q2) Sex attractants do not help control insect pests.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An ideal pesticide would likely cause genetic resistance in the target organism.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is one drawback of using pheromones?
A)They are biologically magnified in nontarget species.
B)Insects develop resistance to pheromones.
C)They are more effective in the juvenile stage than the adult stage.
D)They are costly and time-consuming to produce in the laboratory.
Q5) ________________________________________ were mainly natural chemicals or botanicals obtained from plants.
Q6) In natural ecosystems, ______________________________ control the populations of about 98% of the potential pest species.
Page 27
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Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) Japan embraces resource exchange, and the majority of the country's municipal solid wastes are sent to ________________________________________ to produce steam.
Q2) What is the most advanced approach to dealing with waste?
A)recycling materials
B)using biodegradable material
C)reducing the amount of materials used
D)creating more durable products
Q3) What is the most likely product of composting?
A)landfill by-products
B)soil conditioner and organic fertilizer
C)manure
D)pure garbage
Q4) ____________________ utilizes bacteria and enzymes instead of plants to filter or destroy hazardous substances.
Q5) Explain how recycling reduces energy demand and makes fuel supplies last longer.
Q6) A(n) _____________________________________________ is inefficient because it is expensive to build, discharges toxic emissions, and can produce a toxic ash.
Q7) Why is recycling an output approach for environmental concerns?
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Chapter 25: Sustainable Cities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which city experiences "fecal snow"?
A)Calcutta
B)Rio de Janeiro
C)Sao Paulo
D)Mexico City
Q2) ____________________ pollution can affect various plant and animal species, such as sea turtles.
Q3) Megacities have improved significantly over the last decade due to better public water supplies and sanitation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many of the world's poor live in crowded, central city slums.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which statement is the most accurate comparison of buses versus rail systems?
A)Buses require less capital investment than heavy rail systems.
B)Bus systems offer a more comfortable and quiet ride than heavy rail systems.
C)Bus systems offer less flexibility in transportation routes than heavy rail systems.
D)Bus systems cost more to operate than heavy rail systems.
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Chapter 26: Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) ___________________________________ prove that individuals matter and can facilitate change when they join together in any group.
Q2) In a steady-state economy, both physical wealth and human population are maintained at a desired level.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of full-cost pricing?
A)It requires simple pricing.
B)It requires government action.
C)It would make the market price higher than the true cost of a product or service.
D)It reduces the final cost of goods.
Q4) _________________________ is the increase in total cost resulting from producing one more unit of good or service.
Q5) In simple terms, ______________________________ include production and consumption.
Q6) According to the diagram, what was the approximate percentage change in the GDP between 1990 and 2000?
Q7) What are some disadvantages of tradable environmental permits?
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Chapter 27: Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) The prevention principle involves the development of regulations and the use of economic tools such as full-cost pricing to ensure that polluters bear the cost of pollutants and wastes they produce.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Species at Risk Act is a recent environmental law passed in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ____________________ is government by the people through elected officials and representatives.
Q4) ___________________________________ advocate passing laws or establishing regulations favourable to their cause.
Q5) Which of the following is among the issues being faced by the environmental movement?
A)a coalition of anti-environmental grassroots groups
B)stepped-up lobbying against corporations
C)too many grassroots environmental groups are being organized
D)federal laws not sensitive to risk-benefit analyses
Q6) What is the precautionary principle?
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Chapter 28: Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability
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Q1) Nihilism is the belief that values and moral beliefs are useless because nothing can be known or communicated; there is no purpose or meaning to life except the struggle to survive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Blind technological optimism could be a trait of someone with a planetary management worldview.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________________________________________ is a common pitfall because people feel that if they cannot change the entire world quickly, then they will not try to change any of it.
Q4) What is humanity's greatest danger, according to primatologist Jane Goodall?
A)pessimism
B)apathy
C)faith
D)fatalism
Q5) Which four questions should be at the heart of environmental literacy?
Q6) What is the environmental wisdom worldview?
Q7) Why is environmental literacy so important in today's society? Page 32
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