Introduction to Environmental Studies Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Environmental Studies provides students with a foundational understanding of the complex relationships between humans and the natural environment. The course explores key environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource management from scientific, social, and ethical perspectives. Through interdisciplinary approaches, students examine the causes and consequences of environmental problems and consider sustainable solutions at local, national, and global levels. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, problem-solving, and developing a holistic understanding of environmental challenges in the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
Living in the Environment 4th Canadian Edition by G. Miller
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Environmental Problems: an Introduction and Overview
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Q1) Rapid population growth and poverty are reflective of developing countries and have little impact on pollution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Developing countries have an increase in premature deaths primarily because of malnutrition.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Fish,freshwater,wild animals,and fertile soil are examples of _______________
Answer: renewable resources
Q4) Decreasing population growth in developed countries will decrease resource consumption.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) How does Canada's ecological footprint compare to that of the Netherlands?
Answer: Canada's ecological footprint is over three times as high.
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Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past
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Q1) The industrial-medical revolution led to both increased air pollution and groundwater depletion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What was NOT an outcome of the agricultural revolution?
A) increased soil erosion
B) increased manipulation of nature
C) protection of wild plants and animals
D) increased deforestation
Answer: C
Q3) Prime Minister ____________ and President Ronald Reagan were at loggerheads over the issue of international pollution.
Answer: Brian Mulroney
Q4) Which is the step after which the soil's nutrients are depleted?
Answer: Step 3
Q5) In1978,________________________________________________________ ____ began to research and publish its list of species at risk.
Answer: The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada,COSEWIC
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Chapter 3: Science, systems, matter, and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the main use of radioisotopes?
A) cancer therapy
B) as garden insecticides
C) to stop pollution
D) as agricultural herbicides
Answer: A
Q2) When an object is released from a high altitude,the object's potential energy converts to ______________________________.
Answer: kinetic energy
Q3) What is one example of a negative feedback loop?
A) a thermostat that maintains a certain temperature in your house
B) sweating to heat your body up during and after vigorous exercise
C) exponential population growth
D) the accelerating gain of heat as a pan of hot water is removed from the stove
Answer: A
Q4) Burning coal demonstrates the first law of thermodynamics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Ecosystems: What Are They, and How Do They
Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
A) about 51%
B) about 61%
C) about 71%
D) about 81%
Q2) The first GIS system was developed in Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which letter in the diagram indicates the type of soil that consists of undecomposed leaves,twigs,crop waste,animal waste,fungi,and other materials?
Q4) A cockroach is an example of an omnivore because it feeds on both living and dead material.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which process within the water cycle works against gravity?
A) transpiration
B) percolation
C) runoff
D) infiltration
Q6) Using the image,outline a possible food chain. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity
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Q1) In a certain environment,there is selection for the mean coloration of snail shells.What type of natural selection is this? In what type of environment is this most common?
Q2) What percentage do biologists estimate is the portion of all species that ever lived which are now extinct?
A) 39%
B) 59%
C) 79%
D) 99%
Q3) What might be a cause of geographic isolation?
A) competition for food
B) genetic mutations
C) behavioural differences
D) changes in sea level
Q4) When local environmental conditions change,species may become extinct through background extinction.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Geographic isolation can lead to ____________________ isolation.
Q6) The Arctic fox and the grey fox are an example of what type of isolation?
Page 8
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Chapter 6: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of trees tend to be found in wet tropical rain forests?
A) They are coniferous evergreen plants.
B) They are broadleaf deciduous plants.
C) They are succulent plants.
D) They are broadleaf evergreen plants.
Q2) In which biome are evergreen trees most abundant?
A) tropical rain forest
B) coniferous forest
C) tundra
D) temperate deciduous forest
Q3) Which microclimate effect is incorrectly described?
A) The leeward side of a high mountain tends to show relatively dry conditions.
B) A forest has fewer temperature extremes and lower wind speeds than nearby open land.
C) Oceans and lakes modify temperature extremes.
D) A city tends to have lower temperatures and higher wind speeds than the surrounding countryside.
Q4) Tropical rain forests are dominated by broadleaf deciduous plants.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Aquatic Biodiversity
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Q1) The area of shoreline between low and high tides is called the ____________________ zone.
Q2) What is an advantage for populations of organisms living in water?
A) less fluctuations in temperatures
B) fewer predators
C) fluctuating population sizes
D) physical support from water buoyancy
Q3) What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by fresh water?
A) about 1%
B) about 5%
C) about 10%
D) about 15%
Q4) During which season would an ecologist expect to find a thermocline in a temperate lake?
A) in the fall
B) in the summer
C) in the spring and summer
D) in the spring
Q5) What is the difference between an eutrophic lake and an oligotrophic lake?
Page 10
Q6) The bottom layer of a lake is called the ____________________ zone.
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Chapter 8: Community Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the above diagram,how is food competition reduced?
Q2) Which term refers to a species that migrates to,or is accidentally introduced into,an ecosystem?
A) specialist species
B) keystone species
C) non-native species
D) native species
Q3) Which characteristic do immature ecosystems have?
A) simple food webs
B) high species diversity
C) many specialized niches
D) numerous decomposers
Q4) Which category are sea stars,dung beetles,and beavers generally considered to belong to?
A) keystone species
B) native species
C) specialist species
D) non-native species
Q5) Scientists are studying the effective ____________________ system of sharks to determine why they rarely get cancer.
11
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Chapter 9: Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement applies to natural ecosystems?
A) They are subject to continuous invasion by pathogens and weeds.
B) They are usually capable of self-maintenance and self-renewal.
C) They have most of their biomass in one species.
D) They require applications of pesticides.
Q2) Which statement is characteristic of inbreeding?
A) It results when individuals in a large population mate with another large population.
B) It can result in a decrease in a defective gene within a population.
C) It occurs rarely in small or isolated populations.
D) It affects the survival rate and genetic diversity of a population.
Q3) Why is the giant panda an endangered species?
A) It has a low birth rate and small litter size.
B) Its mating rituals are so complex that it rarely mates.
C) It has a large litter size but a high death rate because of predation.
D) It is a generalized species that eats only evergreen leaves.
Q4) Which letter in the diagram represents limiting abiotic factors?
Q5) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph representing the number of reindeer that can be sustained indefinitely in a given area?
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Chapter 10: Applying Population Ecology: the Human Population
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Sample Questions
Q1) What change was seen in the world's overall population between 1963 and 2011?
A) it increased by 100%
B) it increased by 25%
C) it decreased by 40%
D) it decreased by 100%
Q2) About ____________________ of Canadian residents live within 160 kilometres of the Canada-U.S.border.
Q3) If the replacement-level fertility rate of a population is higher than the total fertility rate,the population may have a negative growth rate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What was NOT included as one of the goals that emerged from the UN's 1994 International Conference on Population and Development?
A) Make population policies part of social and economic development policies.
B) Bring about more equitable relationships between the sexes.
C) Emphasize that child-rearing and family planning responsibilities belong to women.
D) Take steps to eradicate poverty.
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to a demographically divided world?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one solution for sustaining our national park system?
A) Allow an unlimited amount of visitors into the park.
B) Sell off portions of land inside the park.
C) Buy private lands inside the park.
D) Allow hunting inside the park.
Q2) An uncut forest or a regenerated forest that has not been significantly impacted by humans or natural disasters for centuries or longer,is known as a(n)___________________________________.
Q3) Why is the Pacific yew tree important?
A) It is a source of food for exportation.
B) It is a source of strong painkiller.
C) It is a source of dyes.
D) It is a source of treatment for ovarian cancer.
Q4) Which tactic for protecting biodiversity would be excluded in the ecosystem approach?
A) legally protect endangered species
B) restore degraded ecosystems
C) eliminate or reduce populations of non-native species from protected areas
D) manage protected areas to sustain native species
Q5) Describe the aspen parkland in Canada.
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Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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Sample Questions
Q1) Biological diversity is an invaluable and irreplaceable resource.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A secondary cause of depletion of wild species is climate change.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Alien species thrive in new ecosystems because they have long generation times.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which mammals are likely at risk of becoming extinct in the near future?
A) apes and monkeys
B) antelopes
C) wild cats and dogs
D) rodents
Q5) What term is used on many tropical islands to refer to fruit-eating bats?
A) keystone species
B) generalists
C) alien species
D) indicator species
Q6) What are the basic causes of depletion and premature extinction of wild species?
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Q1) The greatest threat to the biodiversity of the world's oceans is the loss and degradation of habitats.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is one economic approach to reducing overfishing?
A) improving the enforcement of fishing regulations
B) eliminating fishing subsidies
C) reducing the introduction of alien species
D) reducing bycatch levels
Q3) ____________________ whales are filter feeders.
Q4) Which term refers to a fish population that is temporarily reduced due to over-fishing?
A) biologically extinct
B) commercially extinct
C) economically extinct
D) locally extinct
Q5) How can invasions by non-native species be stopped?
Q6) Do international agreements work in protecting fish stocks?
Q7) _____________________________________________ is a community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably.
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Chapter 14: Food and Soil Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which measure will prevent the majority of human blindness in developing countries?
A) administration of immunizing shots
B) administration of vitamin A capsules
C) administration of iodine
D) administration of sugar and salt dissolved in a glass of water
Q2) Although __________________________________________________ is usually organic and utilizes few pesticides,it is not always a sustainable form of agriculture because techniques such as slash and burn may be used.
Q3) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to a large net pulled behind a boat?
Q4) Which practice both reduces erosion and prevents the spread of pests and plant diseases?
A) contour farming
B) row cropping
C) strip cropping
D) terracing
Q5) ____________________ is a worldwide problem but it is particularly serious in semi-arid irrigated areas with poor drainage.
Q6) What environmental damage is associated with a trawler?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) What exemplifies the relationship between water demand and policies that subsidize crops requiring large amounts of water?
A) a delay
B) a positive feedback loop
C) a synergistic interaction
D) a negative feedback loop
Q2) Of all the water on Earth,less than 3% is fresh water.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Building levees or floodwalls is a precautionary approach to solving flooding problems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the name for water scarcity that occurs when precipitation is lower than normal,and evaporation is higher than normal?
A) water stress
B) aridity
C) desiccation
D) drought
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Chapter 16: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Q1) Identified resources are deposits of a nonrenewable mineral resource with a known location,quantity,and quality,or whose existence is based on direct geologic evidence and measurements.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are the environmental effects of mining exploration and extraction?
Q3) What is one way that depletion time can be extended?
A) through acid mine drainage
B) by strip mining
C) by using better mining technology
D) by increasing production rates
Q4) The theory explaining the movements of the Earth's plates and the processes that occur at their boundaries is called plate tectonics.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to geological theory,if there were 10 000 sites where a deposit of a particular resource might be found,only 10 would become producing mines.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Coal is easier to get out of the ground and transport than petroleum.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is bitumen?
A) It is the active ingredient in butane.
B) It is a waste product resulting from the extraction of tight oil.
C) It is a fuel supplement added to diesel oil.
D) It is a thick and sticky heavy oil.
Q3) The cost of synfuels is presently too high to make them commercially attractive.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The removal of __________ _______________ causes land degradation and is not an efficient alternative to conventional oil.
Q5) When are affordable oil supplies projected to be economically depleted?
A) in about 10 to 20 years
B) in about 20 to 30 years
C) in about 30 to 50 years
D) in about 40 to 90 years
Q6) A(n)____________________ has an unstable nucleus that decays until a stable nucleus forms.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Q1) What percentage of energy is derived from biomass in developing countries?
A) about 10%
B) about 30%
C) about 50%
D) about 70%
Q2) _________________________ can be used in stationary applications like generating electricity or heating buildings,and they can be used for powering vehicles,buses,and trains.
Q3) What is used in passive solar heating systems?
A) a concrete wall
B) a paper wall
C) a natural gas furnace
D) photovoltaic cells
Q4) Which energy approach most improves the quality of the environment?
A) better energy efficiency
B) use of hydrogen gas
C) use of clean biomass
D) use of wind energy
Q5) A(n)_____________________________________________ integrates building components to provide solar collection,heat storage,and heat distribution.
Page 21
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Chapter 19: Risk,toxicology,and Human Health
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Q1) _________________________ can make the detection of a cancerous tumour difficult because they can travel to other parts of the body.
Q2) The overuse of ____________________ can cause bacteria to develop immunity.
Q3) What are some activities that have led to antibiotic resistance?
Q4) What is a leading cause of death in developed countries?
A) bacteria
B) environmental and lifestyle factors
C) vectors
D) viruses
Q5) Which hazard is considered to be one of the four main types of hazards?
A) industrial hazards
B) climate change hazards
C) chemical hazards
D) global hazards
Q6) Which question can be answered by risk management?
A) How much will sea levels rise by 2100?
B) How can risk be eliminated entirely?
C) How much is a life worth?
D) When will peak oil be reached?
Page 22
Q7) Why is biomagnification an environmental problem?
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of radon-222?
A) It is a nauseating gas.
B) It is particularly concentrated in underground deposits of limestone and sandstone.
C) It is basically a problem in confined spaces and in underground wells located over radon-containing deposits.
D) It is a product of organic decay.
Q2) Which item contains formaldehyde?
A) fingernail polish
B) chalkboards
C) paint
D) carpets
Q3) What is characteristic of a thermal inversion?
A) Thermal inversions last only a few minutes to a few hours.
B) Thermal inversions exacerbate pollution problems.
C) Thermal inversion occurs when a layer of cold air prevents warm air from rising.
D) Normally, cool air near the Earth's surface expands and rises, carrying pollutants higher into the troposphere.
Q4) A(n)____________________ neutralizes a basic or acidic substance.
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Page 23
Chapter 21: Climate Change and Ozone Loss
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Q1) Damage to the ecological structure and function of lakes because of deeper penetration of UV light into the water occurs because of a synergistic interaction among ozone depletion,acid deposition,and global warming.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What might occur if climate belts move faster than trees migrate?
A) tropical forests in New England
B) a large increase of forest area
C) mass extinctions of species that could not migrate
D) an increase in forest diversity
Q3) UV-A rays can easily be blocked by window glass.
A)True
B)False
Q4) About 90% of sunlight's melanoma-causing effects may come from exposure to ____________________ rays.
Q5) Increases in ultraviolet radiation will cause an increase in the incidence of skin cancers and eye cataracts,and will suppress the human immune system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: Water Pollution
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Q1) What is the origin of over half of the total mass of pollutants entering streams and lakes?
A) nonpoint pollution from agriculture
B) point pollution from industrial plants
C) point pollution from sewage treatment plants
D) nonpoint pollution from roadside runoff
Q2) What percentage of lakes in the United States suffer from a high degree of cultural eutrophication?
A) about 20%
B) about 40%
C) about 60%
D) about 70%
Q3) Which Great Lake was first to show intense effects of water pollution?
A) Lake Superior
B) Lake Ontario
C) Lake Huron
D) Lake Erie
Q4) Sewage treatment produces a gooey ____________________ that contains a slimy mixture of bacteria-laden solids,and often toxic chemicals and metals.
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Chapter 23: Pest Management
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Q1) Which statement best defines a hormone?
A) It is a new form of chemical insecticide waiting approval by FIFRA.
B) It is a chemical that travels in the bloodstream and controls an organism's growth and development.
C) It is a strong herbicide used to improve growth and development
D) It is a species-specific chemical sex attractant.
Q2) Which characteristic is more likely to be associated with chlorinated hydrocarbons than with organophosphates and carbamates?
A) magnification in the food chain
B) contamination of surface water
C) rapid degradation in the environment
D) poisoning of organisms other than the targeted pests
Q3) Rotenone is a type of insecticide called a ____________________.
Q4) Herbicides based on glyphosate are effective against target plants without harming MOST animals.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In terms of types of pesticides,carbon tetrachloride and methyl bromide are classified as ____________________.
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Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) What is the 3M Company famous for?
A) its recycling model
B) its waste-treatment program
C) its clean-burning incinerator
D) its Pollution Prevention Pays program
Q2) In which province are the Sydney Tar Ponds located?
A) Ontario
B) New Brunswick
C) Newfoundland and Labrador
D) Nova Scotia
Q3) A key process of ____________________ might be the slowing of contaminant transport from the vegetated zone due to adsorption and increased evaporation.
Q4) What is the single largest source of solid waste?
A) agriculture
B) municipalities
C) mining
D) industry
Q5) Tires being shredded and converted into surfacing for public roads is an example of
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Chapter 25: Sustainable Cities
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Q1) Walking to work and using solar energy are two concepts pertinent to a(n)____________________.
Q2) Which one of the following characterizes a city area compared to the rural area?
A) a cool pocket
B) a heat island
C) a dust bowl
D) a biodiversity oasis
Q3) Low-cost gasoline and government-funded highways did NOT contribute to urban sprawl.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The attractive and commercially successful waterfront park in North Bay,Ontario,was reclaimed by rehabilitating a lakeside expanse of contaminated rail land.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Urban areas grow in two ways: by natural increase,and by
Q6) Whereas many city centres have stagnated,____________________ has the fastest growing downtown core in North America.
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Chapter 26: Economics, environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) An example of an eco-friendly business is teleconferencing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Germany's policies favour research and development in hydrogen fuel and advances in recycling technologies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What ratio of people live on an income of $1.25 per day?
A) one in every nine people on the planet
B) one in every seven people on the planet
C) one in every five people on the planet
D) one in every three people on the planet
Q4) A ____________________ free-market economic system is a theoretical ideal or model in which buyers and sellers freely interact and make economic decisions in markets without any government or other interference.
Q5) In simple terms,______________________________ include production and consumption.
Q6) Germany produced the first steel mill that uses no coal to make steel.
A)True
B)False
Page 29
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Chapter 27: Politics, environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) What is the role of a constitution in a constitutional democracy?
A) It increases government's power and authority.
B) It defines environmental laws.
C) It guarantees freely expressed public opinion.
D) It defines the structure of the justice system.
Q2) The Forestry Act (1985),described in the textbook as an example of a Federal Act,directly controls how trees will be harvested on all forested lands throughout Canada.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How many countries have environmental protection agencies?
A) about 25
B) about 50
C) about 75
D) about 150
Q4) In 2012,the Harper government weakened protection for Canada's environment by making legislative changes so that _______________________________ statements were no longer required for projects involving federal money.
Q5) What can YOU do to try to make a difference regarding the environmental issues that concern you?
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Chapter 28: Environmental World-views, ethics, and Sustainability
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Q1) Which of the following ideas is associated with deep ecology?
A) understanding the Earth's oceans, and in particular their depths, will yield many important resources and help to solve important climatic problems
B) we must achieve deep focus in order to save the most fundamental ecosystems first; if time permits, we can broaden our perspectives to save additional ecosystems later
C) the interdependence and diversity of life forms on Earth is of fundamental importance
D) the exploration of deep space may hold the answers to humanity's future
Q2) Which worldview is likely to support the view that most public property should be turned over to private ownership?
A) responsible planetary management
B) a free-market global economy
C) the "no problem" school
D) stewardship
Q3) According to the __________________________ worldview,humans are not in charge of the biosphere.
Q4) What do some critics say about deep ecology?
Q5) How can philosophy help with environmental problems?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 31