Introduction to Educational Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Educational Psychology explores the foundational principles and theories that explain how individuals learn and develop within educational settings. This course examines cognitive, emotional, and social processes underlying learning, with a focus on topics such as motivation, classroom management, assessment, and the impact of diversity in learning environments. Students will analyze the roles of teachers and learners, evaluate instructional strategies, and reflect on research-based practices to foster effective learning and address various learner needs. Through practical examples and case studies, the course provides essential insights for those aspiring to work in education or allied fields.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Research 8th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Chapter 1: The Role and Importance of Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of experimental research?
A) survey of the current state of events
B) high level of control over variables
C) provides a broad picture of a concept
D) describes a group's characteristics
Answer: B
Q2) Hannah assigns children to different teaching method groups and tests their math performance after six weeks. This is an example of what type of research?
A) descriptive
B) historical
C) experimental
D) uncontrolled
Answer: C
Q3) Experimental methods can typically be described by which of the following?
A) descriptive
B) cause-and-effect
C) correlational
D) qualitative
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Research Process: Coming to Terms
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-written research hypothesis?
A) asks a pertinent question
B) based on researcher's instinct
C) should be long and detailed
D) is testable
Answer: D
Q2) The null hypothesis always refers to the __________, whereas the research hypothesis always refers to the _______________.
A) mean, standard deviation
B) group differences, group similarities
C) sample, population
D) population, sample
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following best describes independent variables?
A) not manipulated by the experimenter
B) manipulated to assess the effect of the treatment
C) unrelated to the treatment
D) not necessary
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: A: Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a good way to find a research topic?
A) personal experience
B) getting an idea from your advisor
C) looking for the next step in the research process
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Q2) What is the best way to find a particular home page?
A) use a search engine
B) randomly open home pages until you find the right one
C) telephone the organization that operates the home page
D) guess at the possible URL address
Answer: A
Q3) What is one of the advantages of using online search services?
A) you are not likely to miss very much
B) this is an outdated method
C) it is stated in a declarative form
D) you can enter the data for any one reference using a standard form
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: B: Ethics: the Basic Principles
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Q1) Discuss the primary shortcomings of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and what ethical guidelines are in place now to prevent such ethical lapses in the future. Is it enough?
Q2) Distinguish between anonymity and confidentiality. Which is required for research to be considered ethical?
Q3) Forcing someone to participate in a study is an example of what ethical issue/concern?
A) protection from harm
B) maintenance of privacy
C) informed consent
D) coercion
Q4) Because the usefulness of the information is so great, it is considered ethical to secretly record conversations between therapists and their clients.
A) True
B) False
Q5) Summarize the potential consequences for researchers who do not follow ethical guidelines.
Q6) Discuss two of the general issues in ethical research behavior.
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Chapter 4: Sampling and Generalizability
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Q1) A table of random numbers _________________________________.
A) is used in nonprobability sampling methods
B) can be used to create a stratified sample
C) works well with convenience sampling
D) is a list of ordered numbers from which the researcher closes his eyes and randomly points until he obtains the desired number for his sample
Q2) How might a researcher minimize sampling error?
A) using convenience samples
B) randomly assigning individuals to groups
C) decreasing sample size
D) asking friends to answer a questionnaire
Q3) Susan calls every 10th name in the student phone book to ask them to participate in her study. This is an example of ________________________.
A) simple random sampling
B) stratified sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) quota sampling
Q4) Why does increasing the number of people in a sample decrease the sampling error?
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Chapter 5: Measurement, Reliability, and Validity
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Q1) Which of the following would be considered a continuous variable?
A) the number answered correctly on a history test
B) grade level in school
C) gender
D) length
Q2) If the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent, you might conclude the measure is _______________________.
A) standard
B) valid
C) reliable
D) concurrent
Q3) Which of the following is an example of method error?
A) subject fatigue
B) bias in grading
C) lack of motivation
D) test-taking anxiety
Q4) Why is the ratio level of measurement considered the most precise?
Q5) Name four ways to increase reliability.
Q6) Why are repeated scores on most variables always different from one another?
Q7) What is the difference between continuous and discrete variables?
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Chapter 6: Methods of Measuring Behavior
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Q1) In which type of recording is a subject observed for a particular amount of time?
A) duration
B) interval
C) frequency
D) continuous
Q2) In which of the following instances are tests used as dependent variables?
A) to assist in selection to a graduate program
B) to help in placing a child into an appropriate program based on reading level
C) to screen for a possible learning disability
D) to determine the effectiveness of a specific type of instruction
Q3) What is the computed number for how well an item distinguishes between the "knowing" and the "unknowing"?
A) item analysis
B) discrimination index
C) difficulty index
D) attitude index
Q4) What makes a good questionnaire?
Q5) What are some advantages and disadvantages to using multiple choice questions?
Q6) Why is it important to be unobtrusive when observing behavior?
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Chapter 7: Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics
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Q1) What measure would be used to compute the average gender of subjects?
A) mean
B) mode
C) median
D) standard deviation
Q2) Which measure of variability describes the average deviation of each score from the mean?
A) range
B) standard deviation
C) mode
D) mean
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a measure of the degree of spread or dispersion of scores?
A) standard deviation
B) range
C) mode
D) variance
Q4) Give an example of when you would use the median as the measure of central tendency.
Q5) Why isn't the range the best measure of variability?
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Introducing Inferential Statistics
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Q1) When examining the significance of the relationship between two variables, what test should you use?
A) t-test for dependent means
B) t-test for independent means
C) t-test for the correlation coefficient
D) analysis of variance
Q2) If the two groups you are comparing are related to each other, what test should you use?
A) factor analysis
B) MANOVA
C) t-test for independent means
D) t-test for dependent means
Q3) What is the standard metric used in most meta-analytic studies called?
A) standard deviation
B) effect size
C) sampling mean
D) standard error
Q4) What are the steps involved in testing a hypothesis?
Q5) What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Q6) Explain what t<sub>120 </sub>= 2.00, p < .05 means.
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
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Q1) What is the basic tool of survey research?
A) case study
B) observation
C) interview
D) log or journal
Q2) Which of the following shows an example of how a correlation coefficient may be written?
A) R<sub>X</sub>R<sub>Y</sub><sub> </sub>= 0.45
B) rXY = 0.26
C) XY<sub>CC</sub><sub> </sub>= -0.67
D) r<sub>xy </sub>= 0.53
Q3) What would a correlation of .35 be called?
A) moderate
B) weak
C) very strong
D) very weak
Q4) What is the difference between the coefficient of determination and the coefficient of alienation?
Q6) What are some advantages of survey research? Page 12
Q5) What are the Ten Commandments of interviewing?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods
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Q1) What is the first step in conducting historical research?
A) evaluating authenticity and accuracy of evidence
B) formulating a hypothesis
C) defining a topic or problem
D) integrating data
Q2) What is data that is derived from sources at least once removed from the original event?
A) secondary sources
B) global sources
C) primary sources
D) informal sources
Q3) Why is it important to understand the history of a phenomenon?
Q4) Which is NOT a main function of focus groups?
A) generating insight into previously misunderstood topics
B) in-depth information gathering on one participant
C) understanding how group members arrive at their conclusions
D) encouraging group interaction
Q5) What are some of the limitations of historical research?
Q6) What are the differences between primary and secondary sources?
Q7) Name two types of questions used in interviews and give examples of both. Page 14
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Chapter 11: Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods
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Q1) Analysis of Covariance is
A) a homogeneous population.
B) a procedure that ensures external validity.
C) a statistical tool that equalizes any initial differences that might exist between study participants.
D) equal to B/x*y.
Q2) Which will NOT help control for extraneous variables?
A) using a control group
B) randomization
C) matching of subjects
D) using homogenous groups
Q3) Jim was coming down with a cold and decided to take his friend's advice and drink hot lemon juice with a dash of salt to help his throat. Jim's experimentation can be categorized as what type of research?
A) one-group pretest posttest design
B) quasi-experimental
C) one-shot case study
D) pretest posttest control group design
Q4) Explain the effects of regression and how it affects internal validity.
Q5) What is the Hawthorne effect?
16
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Chapter 12: Quasi-Experimental Research: a Close Cousin to Experimental Research
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Q1) Which quasi-experimental design is the one most often used?
A) pretest posttest control group design
B) multiple baseline design
C) nonequivalent control group design
D) static group comparison design
Q2) Which design is presented below? Group 1 Pretest Treatment Posttest
Group 2 Pretest No Treatment Posttest
A) nonequivalent control group design
B) static group comparison
C) Solomon two group design
D) factorial design
Q3) How do quasi-experimental methods help with ethical research?
Q4) Which of the following statements is false regarding quasi-experimental methodology?
A) The hypothesized cause of differences between groups has already occurred.
B) It is more powerful than experimental research.
C) Group assignment has already taken place.
D) It does not attempt to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Q5) What is the difference between true and quasi-experimental research?
Q6) How can age and the time the measurement took place be confounding? Page 17
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Chapter 13: Writing a Research Proposal
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Q1) Which part of a research proposal is included at the author's discretion?
A) introduction
B) implications and limitations
C) review of literature
D) method
Q2) What is an effective way of judging how much time your proposal will take?
Q3) What should you look for when evaluating the hypothesis of a research paper?
Q4) Which section of a proposal states what contribution has been made by previous research?
A) introduction
B) method
C) literature review
D) discussion
Q5) In a research proposal, what should follow the literature review section?
A) appendices
B) literature review
C) implications and limitations
D) method
Q6) Name some things you should remember when selecting your dependent variable.
Q7) What should you consider when reviewing a test?
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Chapter 14: Writing a Research Manuscript
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Q1) Does an abstract usually include a report of the study's sample size?
A) always
B) only in historical research
C) never
D) sometimes
Q2) A shortened title which appears at the top of each manuscript page is called _____________.
A) an abstract
B) a running head
C) an introduction
D) a reference
Q3) What type of information may be contained in the appendices of a manuscript?
A) original data
B) author's notes
C) references
D) both a and c
Q4) What are the differences between the results and discussion sections?
Q5) List the parts of a prepared manuscript, in order.
Q6) What are some subsections that may be found in the methods section?
Q7) What information is usually included in a discussion section?
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