Introduction to Earth Systems
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Earth Systems explores the interconnected processes that shape our planet, highlighting the dynamic interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. This course examines fundamental Earth science concepts, such as plate tectonics, weather and climate systems, the water cycle, and biogeochemical cycles. Emphasis is placed on understanding how these systems operate individually and collectively, and how human activities influence natural processes. Through lectures, discussions, and practical exercises, students develop a holistic understanding of Earth's environment and the scientific principles that govern its continuous evolution.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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Q1) A light year is a unit that measures ________.
A)time
B)mass
C)distance
D)luminous intensity
Answer: C
Q2) The best estimate of when the Universe formed is ________.
A)13.7 Ma
B)13.7 Ga
C)4.57 Ma
D)4.57 Ga
Answer: B
Q3) Because of the Doppler effect,a light- or sound-emitting object moving toward you has a ________ compared to a stationary object.
A)higher amplitude
B)lower frequency
C)lower amplitude
D)higher frequency
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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Q1) The densest layer of Earth is the ________.
A)crust
B)mantle
C)outer core
D)inner core
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true concerning the rocks gabbro and basalt?
A)Both are common in the oceanic crust.
B)Both have small grains/crystals.
C)Both are igneous rocks.
D)Both are denser than granite.
Answer: B
Q3) Of the three primary compositional layers of the Earth (crust,mantle,core),which is the thickest layer?
A)crust
B)mantle
C)core
D)The mantle and core are the same thickness.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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Q1) Earth's magnetic reversals are likely due to ________.
A)meteorite impacts
B)lightning strikes
C)tectonic plates shifting
D)changes in circulation patterns in the inner core
Answer: C
Q2) Which plant genus dominated glaciated regions during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic?
A)Ginkgo
B)Glossopteris
C)Neuropteris
D)Quercas
Answer: B
Q3) In Wegener's evidence for continental drift,continents were proposed to fit together,such as the east coast of South America with the ________.
A)west coast of Europe
B)east coast of Africa
C)west coast of Greenland
D)lower west coast of Africa
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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Q1) A guyot is ________.
A)any portion of the ocean floor that is topographically higher than surrounding sea floor
B)an extinct oceanic hot-spot volcano that has not yet subsided below sea level
C)an extinct oceanic hot-spot volcano that has subsided below sea level
D)synonymous with the term hot spot
Q2) Most of the pulling force driving plate motion is produced ________.
A)at mid-ocean ridges
B)at subduction zones
C)at collision zones
D)in the interiors of continental plates
Q3) Most of the pushing force driving plate motion is produced ________.
A)at mid-ocean ridges
B)at subduction zones
C)at collision zones
D)in the interiors of continental plates
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6
Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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Q1) ________ is a mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm³).
A)Mass
B)Specific gravity
C)Luster
D)Streak
Q2) Minerals that do not possess cleavage are said to possess ________.
A)invulnerability
B)fracture
C)solidity
D)massiveness
Q3) Diamonds are usually found in pipes 50 to 200 m across made of ________.
A)graphite
B)kimberlite
C)metamorphic rocks
D)sedimentary rocks
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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Q1) Most commonly,felsic igneous rocks ________.
A)contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks
B)are lighter in color than mafic rocks
C)are darker in color than mafic rocks
D)are found in oceanic crust
Q2) Very early in Earth's history (during the Hadean Eon),the Earth ________.
A)was very cold,so no igneous rocks had yet formed
B)was so hot that it was,at times,completely molten
C)was entirely composed of loose material called regolith
D)had a similar diversity in rock types as seen today
Q3) Volcanoes that do NOT occur along either present or emergent plate boundaries are associated with ________.
A)continental rifts
B)hot spots
C)mid-ocean ridges
D)subduction zones
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Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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Q1) Which environment would most likely produce sedimentary deposits characterized by very well-sorted,very well-rounded grains that are nearly pure quartz?
A)river
B)glacier
C)beach
D)alluvial fan
Q2) What is the difference between the formation of chalk versus chert?
A)They have different grain sizes.
B)They are made of different source materials.
C)Chalk is terrestrial;chert is marine.
D)Chalk is biochemical;chert is chemical.
Q3) If water is the transport mechanism of sediment,the grain size of sedimentary deposits most closely indicates the ________.
A)geographic extent of the weathering source rock at outcrop
B)average velocity of the water from the time of erosion until deposition
C)velocity of the water at the moment the sediment settled to the bottom
D)climate conditions at the time of deposition
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Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Q1) Thermal (contact)metamorphism produces ________.
A)foliated rocks only
B)nonfoliated rocks only
C)both foliated and nonfoliated rocks
D)Thermal metamorphism does not produce any metamorphic rocks.
Q2) Spreading peanut butter on bread is an application of ________.
A)normal stress
B)pressure
C)shear stress
D)metasomatism
Q3) Marble and quartzite are nonfoliated rocks because ________.
A)they are never found beneath fault zones or collisional mountain ranges
B)both are dominated by minerals that produce equant grains
C)both are dominated by minerals with crystalline structures that cannot be dissolved
D)dynamothermal metamorphism can break down the structures of their constituent
minerals,but neither of these minerals is stable in that metamorphic environment
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Q1) Of the three primary forms of subaerial volcanoes,________ consist of a simple pile of tephra often formed in a single eruption.
A)stratovolcanoes
B)cinder cones
C)shield volcanoes
D)fissure volcanoes
Q2) Columnar joints form when ________.
A)a lava flow cools very rapidly,causing the flow to shatter in a chaotic pattern
B)a lava flow encounters groundwater,which causes the flow to rapidly fracture
C)a lava flow erupts under deep water
D)during the final stages of cooling,a lava flow contracts,forming tall polygonal fractures
Q3) Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly,producing a sharp-surfaced,blocky,and irregular lava rock named
A)pahoehoe
B)a'a'
C)pumice
D)ignimbrite
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Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Q1) If an earthquake's magnitude is measured based on the Richter scale,how is this abbreviated?
A)ML
B)MS
C)mb
D)MR
Q2) A tsunami is ________.
A)a sea wave generated by an earthquake,landslide,or meteor impact that may destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source
B)a sloshing of water back and forth within a lake or a bay
C)a wave caused by unusually large tidal forces
D)the tendency of wet,clay-rich soils to behave like a liquid during an earthquake
Q3) Surface waves ________.
A)travel more rapidly than body waves
B)produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes
C)are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake
D)are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake
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Chapter
Deformation and Mountain Building
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Q1) Orogenesis (mountain building)leads to the production of ________.
A)metamorphic rocks
B)igneous and sedimentary rocks
C)metamorphic and igneous rocks
D)igneous,metamorphic,and sedimentary rocks
Q2) Right-lateral and left-lateral are both examples of ________ faults.
A)strike-slip
B)dip-slip
C)oblique-slip
D)reverse
Q3) Shear stress at sufficient depth within a fault plane can induce plastic shear,forming a fine-grained metamorphic rock named ________.
A)ignimbrite
B)gneiss
C)mylonite
D)migmatite
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Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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Q1) Accurate radiometric dating is possible only if a rock contains a measurable amount of ________.
A)parent isotope atoms
B)daughter isotope atoms
C)either parent or daughter atoms
D)both parent and daughter atoms
Q2) A radiometric age for a mineral crystal within an igneous rock measures the amount of time that has passed since the ________.
A)atoms within the crystal were part of a body of molten magma
B)crystal solidified
C)temperature of the crystal became equal to the Curie point for the mineral
D)temperature of the crystal became equal to the closure temperature for the mineral
Q3) Dendrochronology involves dating of historic and geologic events through the study of ________.
A)growth layers in shells
B)oxygen isotope profiles in glacial ice
C)remnant magnetism in iron-rich minerals
D)annual growth rings in trees
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Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Q1) The Cambrian Period is a time in Earth history when ________.
A)the first abundant shelly organisms appeared in the fossil record
B)Earth's interior was so hot that a solid outer crust,if present,was likely being extensively remelted
C)stable continental interiors,termed cratons,first formed
D)the dinosaurs appeared and came to dominate large-scale terrestrial life
Q2) Rodinia and Pangaea are supercontinents that assembled during the ________ and ________,respectively.
A)Hadean;Archean
B)Archean;Proterozoic
C)Proterozoic;Paleozoic
D)Paleozoic;Mesozoic
Q3) Convergence along the western margin of North America during the Cenozoic gave way to rifting forces that created the characteristic topography of the ________.
A)Coast Ranges
B)Basin and Range Province
C)Colorado Plateau
D)Columbia Plateau
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Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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Q1) In the subsurface,natural gas ________.
A)consists of longer carbon chains as compared to oil
B)is denser than oil
C)is generated at higher temperatures than oil
D)is generated at higher temperatures than graphite
Q2) ________ is harnessed from the potential energy of water.
A)Hydroelectric power
B)Solar energy
C)Biofuel
D)Hydrologic energy
Q3) Which of the following would be the least viscous?
A)cooking gas
B)gasoline
C)motor oil
D)tar
Q4) Most of the world's coal was deposited in coal swamps during the ________.
A)Cretaceous
B)Ordovician
C)Carboniferous
D)Jurassic
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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Q1) Mineral-rich veins within plutons,deposited by hot groundwater into fractures within rock,characterize ________ deposits.
A)hydrothermal
B)placer
C)residual mineral
D)sedimentary
Q2) Which type of ores are most commonly concentrated in magmatic deposits?
A)oxides
B)sulfides
C)native metals
D)copper
Q3) ________ is a nonmetal mineral formed by evaporation.
A)Sulfur
B)Gypsum
C)Zinc
D)Marble
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Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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Q1) Unstable slopes start to move when the ________ force exceeds the ________ force that holds the material in place.
A)downslope;gravity
B)resistance;downslope
C)downslope;resistance
D)gravity;resistance
Q2) Moisture among sediment grains ________.
A)always increases the likelihood of mass wasting
B)always decreases the likelihood of mass wasting
C)can promote stability if present in small amounts
D)can promote stability if the grains are saturated
Q3) Which of the following increases the risk of mass movement?
A)adding a small amount of moisture to loose,dry sediment
B)waves breaking before they reach sea cliffs
C)flooding the sediment with water to the point of saturation
D)reducing the grade of the slope
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18
Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Q1) What physical property of the underlying rock would lead to the formation of a cliff over which a waterfall may form?
A)a high resistance to erosion
B)high porosity
C)large permeability
D)very fine grain sizes
Q2) The region below a streambed where groundwater flows in the same direction as the stream but at a slower rate is termed the ________ zone.
A)low flow
B)vadose
C)water table
D)hyporheic
Q3) The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the ________.
A)base level
B)floodplain
C)stream gradient
D)thalweg
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Q1) The shallowest portions of an ocean found along the margins of continents are the
A)abyssal plains
B)continental rises
C)continental shelves
D)continental slopes
Q2) Compared with the continental crust,the oceanic crust is ________.
A)denser
B)less dense
C)about the same density
D)about half as dense
Q3) The form and topography (depth profile)of the ocean floor is termed ________.
A)orogeny
B)bathymetry
C)allocthony
D)aquitopography
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Q1) Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed a
A)valley and ridge province
B)karst landscape
C)horst and graben landscape
D)speleothem formation
Q2) An aquifer can have ________ porosity and ________ permeability but not ________ porosity and ________ permeability.
A)low;high;high;no
B)high;no;low;high
C)no;no;high;high
D)high;no;no;no
Q3) Why does an artesian well flow without pumping?
A)The water table is at the surface in an artesian aquifer.
B)The hydraulic head is very low in the aquifer.
C)The water in an unconfined aquifer is pressurized.
D)The water in a confined aquifer is pressurized.
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Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Q1) The primary source of energy for a growing hurricane comes from ________.
A)warm ocean water
B)wind blowing off landmasses
C)wind blowing across the ocean
D)solar energy heating the tops of the clouds
Q2) Clouds generally form when air ________.
A)is heated
B)rises
C)sinks
D)is devoid of aerosols
Q3) As air rises,why do clouds form?
A)raindrops converge in the lower troposphere
B)water vapor heats up and creates steam
C)the air cools to its dew-point temperature and condenses into liquid water
D)snow forms in the upper troposphere and becomes visible as clouds
Q4) After precipitation begins,a thunderstorm has reached the ________ stage.
A)cumulus
B)mature
C)supercell
D)dissipating
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Q1) Vegetation in the desert consists of ________.
A)cacti only
B)extensive grasslands with water-seeking deep roots
C)scattered,scrub-like plants as succulents,such as cacti,with adaptations to obtain and retain as much water as they can
D)forests of tall,broad-leafed trees
Q2) A desert may form along a coastline because a ________.
A)warm current warms and dries the air
B)warm current forces hot air inland
C)cold current cools and dries the air
D)cold current forces hot air inland
Q3) The saltation of sand involves ________.
A)spherical grains rolling along the surface of dunes
B)grains traveling short distances (approximately 1 m)in the air
C)grains traveling long distances (approximately 1-100 km)in the air by strong winds
D)the mixing of mineral sand and salt to form a weakly cemented soil
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Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Q1) You are hiking in Illinois and notice several ringlike hills composed of till.You climb to the top of one,look toward the south,and see several more hills in the distance.In which direction did the glacier advance?
A)north
B)south
C)east
D)west
Q2) Imagine that you live in a desert.Installing a roof that is a light tan color would help ________ your house by ________ the albedo.
A)warm;increasing B)warm;decreasing
C)cool;increasing D)cool;decreasing
Q3) Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are characterized by ________.
A)uniformly coarse grain size
B)uniformly fine grain size
C)an absence of sorting
D)graded bedding
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Q1) A crater in Mexico's Yucatan peninsula may be the result of an impact that brought about the extinction of numerous species at the end of the ________ Period.
A)Silurian
B)Jurassic
C)Cretaceous
D)Tertiary
Q2) How are greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane different from other atmospheric gases like nitrogen and oxygen?
A)Greenhouse gases absorb thermal energy from the Sun and re-radiate it,whereas other atmospheric gases do not.
B)Greenhouse gases are more efficient at absorbing thermal energy and re-radiating it than the other atmospheric gases.
C)Greenhouse gases are found at higher levels of the atmosphere,where ozone is found.
D)Greenhouse gases are found at lower levels of the atmosphere,where ozone is found.
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25
Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Q1) Geologists sometimes use analytical equipment to help identify rocks.One commonly used machine is the electron microprobe,which focuses a beam of electrons on a sample to determine ________.
A)the amount of radioactive minerals
B)how atoms are arranged
C)the atomic weight
D)the chemical composition
Q2) Igneous rocks form from ________.
A)heat and pressure applied to a rock
B)precipitation of minerals out of a solution
C)sediments cemented together
D)molten rock cooling and forming crystals
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be considered a rock?
A)a natural material composed of interlocking crystals
B)a natural pile of unconsolidated sand
C)a natural material made of frothy glass
D)a natural material made of shells cemented together
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Q1) Why does differential weathering occur?
A)Chemical weathering attacks some layers,and physical weathering attacks the others.
B)The cliffs formed by chemical weathering protect the rocks below.
C)Some types of rocks don't weather at all,thus producing cliffs.
D)Different minerals have different resistances to weathering.
Q2) Which soil horizon is the most important to farmers for planting crops?
A)O
B)A
C)E
D)B
Q3) Hydration occurs when ________.
A)minerals are dissolved into water
B)minerals are turned into rust
C)minerals absorb water and expand
D)minerals are removed by frost
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Q1) What type of rock is formed after erosion,deposition,and lithification?
A)metamorphic
B)crystalline
C)igneous
D)sedimentary
Q2) What is the progression of rock types if the steps of a process are as follows?
burial uplift,erosion,and deposition burial melting
A)metamorphic metamorphic igneous sedimentary
B)metamorphic sedimentary metamorphic igneous
C)sedimentary sedimentary igneous metamorphic
D)igneous sedimentary igneous igneous
Q3) What type of rock is formed from deep burial?
A)sedimentary
B)igneous
C)metamorphic
D)chemical
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28
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Q1) Seismic waves travel ________ in solids than in liquids;however,unlike P-waves,S-waves ________ travel through liquids.
A)slower;can
B)slower;can't
C)faster;can D)faster;can't
Q2) If a gravity anomaly is negative,what does that imply about the material underground?
A)The material is much more dense rock.
B)The material is much less dense rock.
C)The material is an underground ore.
D)The material is composed of mantle.
Q3) If you measure the magnetization of an area of igneous rocks and find a large negative anomaly,what does that imply about the rocks?
A)They were formed during a time of normal polarity of the magnetic field.
B)They were formed during a time of reversed polarity of the magnetic field.
C)They were formed on the ocean floor where the rocks are closer to the core.
D)They were formed on the continental crust in a complex pattern of magnetization.
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Q1) At least five of these have occurred in Earth's history,one of which occurred 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs.
A)mass extinction event
B)punctuated equilibrium
C)millennia-long drought
D)phylogenetic tree
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding the fossil record is FALSE?
A)Not every minute of Earth's history is recorded in the rock record.
B)The fossil record does not contain any fossil remains of plants,only animals.
C)Not all organisms have a high preservation potential.
D)Paleontologists have not yet found all the fossils that are in the rocks.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
A)birds that evolve a new beak shape in order to exploit a different food source
B)the extinction of the mammoths due to hunting by a new predator
C)fossils of trilobites that have the same morphology but are separated by millions of years
D)the mass extinction of the dinosaurs due to a meteorite's impact 65 million years ago
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Page 30
Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic Cycle
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Q1) What circumstance is likely to produce depositional landforms?
A)flash flooding of a river in the desert
B)a river flowing out of a lake
C)a river entering a large body of water
D)ocean waves crashing on the beach
Q2) What would an area experiencing erosion look like compared to one experiencing deposition?
A)deep valleys or canyons versus large flat,open areas
B)large sand dunes versus large open bodies of water
C)rolling hills versus steep peaks
D)large,dry flatlands versus deep river channels
Q3) How does water get from the atmosphere into the groundwater system?
A)Precipitation falls into rivers and then flows downriver into the groundwater system.
B)Precipitation falls on the ground and infiltrates the ground surface to the groundwater system.
C)Water from the ocean is sucked up into the groundwater system due to a pressure difference.
D)Plants secrete water into the groundwater system in a process called evapotranspiration.
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