Introduction to Earth Sciences Test
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Earth Sciences offers a comprehensive overview of the physical processes and systems that shape our planet. Students will explore topics such as the structure of the Earth, plate tectonics, minerals and rocks, geologic time, earthquakes, volcanoes, weather and climate, the hydrosphere, and the impact of human activity on Earth systems. Emphasis is placed on understanding Earth as an interconnected system, the dynamic processes that drive change, and the methods scientists use to study our ever-evolving planet. This foundational course provides essential knowledge for further studies in geology, environmental science, and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Natural Disasters 1st Canadian Edition by Patrick Leon Abbott
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14 Chapters
917 Verified Questions
917 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Global and Canadian Outlook on Natural
Disasters
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sites with natural hazards need to be studied and their risk evaluated to prevent a natural disaster.The frequency of an event is __________.
A) the number of occurrences of an event within in a given time period
B) the average number of years between events
C) commonly used to forecast exactly when a natural event will occur
D) the cyclic occurrence of events within a given space
E) the range over which the upper and lower magnitudes for a given event are predicted
Answer: A
Q2) Of the 40 worst disasters between 1970 and 2013,the most frequent mega-killers were earthquakes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The terms preparedness,mitigation and adaptation describe actions performed when disaster strikes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Earths Internal Energy and Plate Tectonics
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Above the oceanic ridges,the ocean is relatively deep compared to further away from the ridges.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A Nebula is:
A) a rotating cloud of small solid particles
B) a rotating disk composed from helium and hydrogen
C) a rotating cloud of atmospheric gases (nitrogen and oxygen)
D) a rotating cloud of heterogeneous materials,ice,gas and other solids
E) none of the choices are correct
Answer: D
Q3) The nuclear fusion in the Sun forms helium from splitting hydrogen atoms,this process also require some energy absorption.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: Earthquake Geology, Seismology, and Engineering
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push)and extension (pull).
A) Love
B) Rayleigh
C) P-
D) S-
Answer: C
Q2) Earthquakes at divergent zones,such as the East African Rift system,are generated at shallow depth (<33km)and with magnitude 6.0 or less.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) _________ waves travel only through solids;on reaching liquid or gas,the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.
A) S-
B) P-
C) Surface waves
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: When the Earth Shakes in Canada
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44 Verified Questions
44 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The time and date of the last megathrust earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone has been deduced from _______________.
A) dating of coastal trees killed by seawater after sudden subsidence
B) Japanese tsunami records
C) seismograph recordings
D) all of these are correct
E) dating of coastal trees killed by seawater after sudden subsidence and Japanese tsunami records
Q2) Canada's second largest earthquake occurred in the Queen Charlotte Island (now Haida Gwaii)Subduction Zone.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The 1663 Charlevoix earthquake was felt all over Eastern North America,which of the following statements regarding this event is false?
A) It triggered a tsunami
B) It triggered landslides
C) It triggered soil liquefaction
D) No one was killed
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Chapter 5: Volcanic Eruptions and Landforms
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The dominant volcanic gas (commonly 90% or more of total gas)is
A) water vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O)
B) carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)
C) sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)
D) hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)with its rotten egg smell
E) carbon monoxide (CO)
Q2) Volcanic material which has a lower density than water is called __________.
A) Obsidian
B) Plinian rock
C) Pyroclastic bomb
D) Pumice
E) Volcanic glass
Q3) The volcanic explosivity index (VEI)measures size of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 0 to 8.Between 1500 and 1981,one VEI 7 eruption occurred.This was
A) Tambora,in 1815
B) Krakatau,in 1883
C) Mt.St.Helens in 1980
D) Mt.Pelee in 1902
E) Mt.Vesuvius in 1631
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Volcano Case Histories : Killer Events
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The majority of deaths caused by volcanic eruptions are the result of _________________.
A) pyroclastic flows
B) lava flows
C) lahars
D) poison gases
E) all of the choices are correct
Q2) Which of the following statements regarding the lahars of Nevado del Ruiz in Columbia is true?
A) The 1985 lahars that killed 22,000 people in the city of Armero were unprecedented and a complete surprise.
B) The potential danger to Armero was not included in a hazards map published before this tragic event.
C) The 1985 lahars were a virtual rerun of the events of 1845 and 1595 with the same places buried by the same types of lahars.
D) The 1985 lahars that buried the city of Armero were the result of volcanic weather due to an ultra-Plinian eruption.
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Chapter 7: Tsunamis
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The great 1960 Chile earthquake (M 9.5)unleashed a tsunami that killed over 1,000 Chileans.These waves also killed 61 people in Hilo,Hawaii,14 hours after the earthquake,and another 185 people in __________,22.5 hours after the earthquake.
A) California
B) Alaska
C) Japan
D) Australia
E) the Philippines
Q2) Which of the following statements best explains how earthquakes trigger tsunamis?
A) Earthquakes shift the sea floor up or downward,casing water to be displaced.
B) Earthquakes shake the water violently,causing ripples to become waves that move out rapidly in all directions.
C) Earthquakes crack the seafloor where trapped gases are released and bubble up to the surface.Large bubbles generate large waves.
D) Earthquakes crack the seafloor where trapped heat is rapidly released.This heats the ocean water causing it to expand and move like a wave.
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Chapter 8: The Ever Changing Climate
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of these choices are potential effects of a warmer climate on Ontario except for:
A) longer and more severe heat waves.
B) potential for worse air pollution in the form of smog and acid precipitation.
C) reduced water levels in Great Lakes and St.Lawrence River.
D) melting permafrost weakening and undermining infrastructure.
Q2) The energy that flows from the Earth's interior is relatively huge when you compare with radiant energy received from the Sun.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following greenhouse gases accounts for 60% of global warming?
A) Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)
B) Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)
C) Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)
D) Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>)
E) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
Q4) Water vapour is the Earth's most abundant greenhouse gas.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Severe Weather
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A polar jet is a belt of winds about 1,000 km wide,flowing as fast as _________ in its central "core."
A) 60 km/h
B) 600 km/h
C) 6,000 km/h
D) the speed of sound
E) an orbiting satellite
Q2) A typical La Nina winter brings cold air with high precipitation to the northwestern United States and western Canada,but causes below-average precipitation in most of North America.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Jet streams are relatively narrow bands of high-velocity winds that flow from west to east at high altitudes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many of the largest cyclonic circulations are linked to troughs in the subtropical jet.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Hurricanes
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the North Atlantic Ocean,the month that has most hurricanes make landfall in Canada is _________________.
A) June
B) July
C) August
D) September
E) October
Q2) The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season set multiple records,including all but which of the following?
A) Greatest number of named storms in one season
B) Greatest number of hurricanes in one season
C) Greatest number of hurricanes reaching category 5
D) Greatest number of deaths in one season
Q3) In general Atlantic Canada more often experiences the ________ associated with post-tropical storms than ______.
A) large waves;storm surges
B) storm surges;strong winds
C) strong winds;heavy rains
D) heavy rains;strong winds
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Floods
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Excesses in stream discharge or stream-sediment load are managed by the stream changing dependent variables,such as gradient and channel pattern.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why are floods so common along the Red River?
A) The Red River valley is geologically young (about 9,000 years old)and has not carved a deep valley.
B) The gradient or slope of the riverbed is very low.
C) River flow increases as winter snowmelts and melt water runs northward into still frozen parts of the river.
D) All of these are correct.
Q3) Statistically speaking,the larger the floods,the shorter the return period between them.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The probability that a 100-year flood will occur at least once in 100 years is 100%.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Fire
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)areas are particularly vulnerable to wildfires because
A) fire-fighters have difficulty reaching them
B) jurisdiction issues complicate the response efforts
C) of the close proximity of forest and infrastructure
D) the vegetation in this ecosystem is highly flammable
Q2) Pyrolysis results in release of all but which of the following?
A) Flammable hydrocarbon vapours
B) Tar
C) Water vapour
D) Oxygen
Q3) During the process of pyrolysis,cellulose in wood breaks apart and yields
A) flammable hydrocarbon vapours
B) water vapour
C) tar
D) mineral residues
E) all of these are correct
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14
Chapter 13: Mass Movements and Snow Avalanches
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The avalanche flotation bag system includes a compressed air cylinder which provides buoyancy,assisting the person to remain on or near the snow surface.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Mass movement occurs when friction overpowers gravity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Slab avalanches can be triggered by all but which of the following?
A) A heavy snow fall
B) Skiers
C) Snowmobiles
D) Acoustic vibrations
E) Solar warming
Q4) A rotational slide may move as long as it sits on the downward-inclined planar surface and its driving mass still exists whereas translational slides move only short distances.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Hazards From Space
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Meteorites that pass through the atmosphere and fall to Earth ______________.
A) should not be touched soon after they hit the ground because they are blazing hot
B) kill on average one person every ten years
C) are slowed due to atmospheric friction and hit the ground at 320 to 640 km/h
D) are found mostly in the Canadian Arctic
Q2) The central uplift in a complex crater is formed:
A) when fractured walls fall into the centre,creating a hill in the middle of the crater.
B) after impact when the melted material and uplifted debris settle down into the middle of the crater.
C) when the rock beneath the crater rebounds,causing the centre of the floor to rise.
D) when an impact causes such a high temperature only at the periphery of the crater,so the centre of the crater stays stable while the material beside the walls is liquefied and vaporized.
E) when earth material washed from the steep crater walls is deposited at the central area of the crater.
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