Introduction to Differential Psychology Pre-Test
Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Differential Psychology explores the scientific study of human individual differences in behavior, cognition, emotion, and personality. This course examines the theories, methods, and findings related to understanding how and why people differ from one another, encompassing areas such as intelligence, personality traits, motivation, creativity, and psychological well-being. Students will learn about the genetic, biological, environmental, and sociocultural factors that contribute to individual variability, as well as the measurement techniques used to assess these differences. The course aims to foster a critical understanding of the applications of differential psychology in educational, occupational, and clinical settings.
Recommended Textbook
Individual Differences and Personality 3rd Edition by Michael C. Ashton
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13 Chapters
199 Verified Questions
199 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
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22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we wanted to make a scale that had high internal-consistency reliability but still had good content validity,which of the following would we need to have?
1)Items that are substantially correlated with each other 2)Items that together cover all aspects of the intended characteristic
3)Items that are all virtually uncorrelated with each other 4)Items that all focus on the same specific aspect of the intended characteristic.
A)1 and 2
B)1 and 3
C)2 and 3
D)2 and 4
E)3 and 4
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure
Them
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Sample Questions
Q1) What can be correctly concluded from the trait-versus-situation debate?
A)Traits and situations are actually the same thing.
B)Traits,if they exist at all,are unimportant in predicting behavior.
C)Traits determine behavior almost perfectly,regardless of the situation.
D)Traits usually predict behavior better in particular situations than in aggregated situations.
E)Traits predict behavior well when many situations are considered together.
Answer: E
Q2) According to the results of investigations such as that by Funder,Blackman,and Kolar (1995),which of the following best explains the existence of some agreement between self- and observer reports of a target person's personality,and between different observers' reports of that person's personality?
A)People generally discuss their own personalities with the people they know.
B)People generally discuss the personalities of other people they know.
C)People generally have similar impressions about a given person's personality.
D)Both A and B
E)All of the above
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Personality Structure: Classifying Traits
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Sample Questions
Q1) In his early lexical studies of personality structure,Cattell (1947)used only about 35 adjectives,even though there were thousands of personality-descriptive adjectives in the English language.Why did Cattell use such a small set of adjectives?
A)He needed words that all of his personality raters would understand,so he chose only the 35 most well-known adjectives.
B)He wanted only those words that had direct translations into every known language. C)He had to make sure that the factor analysis calculations would not become too complex and time-consuming.
D)He decided that he needed only about seven adjectives for each Big Five factor to obtain adequate reliability of measurement.
E)None of the above.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) For which of the following "facet"-level personality traits do average levels tend to increase throughout adulthood?
A)Sociability
B)Unconventionality
C)Patience
D)Perfectionism
E)Social Boldness
Q2) Recall the Hawaiian longitudinal study of personality by Hampson and Goldberg (2006),in which middle-aged persons' self-reports of personality were compared with their elementary school teachers' ratings of their personalities made 40 years earlier.Which of the following best summarizes the findings of that study regarding the stability of personality across this time period?
A)Stability was very high for all Big Five factors.
B)Stability was close to zero for all Big Five factors.
C)Across the Big Five factors,stability ranged from moderate to very high.
D)Across the Big Five factors,stability ranged from near-zero to moderate.
E)Stability could not be examined directly because completely different traits were assessed at the two time points.
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Chapter 5: Biological Bases of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do the dimensions of Zuckerman's "alternative five" model of temperament or personality relate to those of the Big Five?
A)Because the two models have different origins,Zuckerman's factors are not comparable at all with the Big Five factors.
B)Three of Zuckerman's factors correspond closely to the three of the Big Five facors,but the other two are completely unrelated to the Big Five.
C)Each of Zuckerman's factors corresponds directly to one (and only one)of the Big Five.
D)Together,Zuckerman's factors correspond rather closely to the Big Five,but in some cases as combinations of two or more Big Five factors.
E)The relations have not yet been examined empirically.
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Chapter 6: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that a researcher measures a trait in many pairs of identical twins and many pairs of fraternal twins.If the researcher finds that the correlation for identical twins on this trait was .60 and that the correlation for fraternal twins was .30,what would this tell us about the heritability of the trait? (Assume that all twins of the same pair were raised together.For the purpose of this question,accept all assumptions about the use of this twin design. )
A)The heritability was .30,and all of it is due to additive genetic influences.
B)The heritability was .30,and all of it is due to non-additive genetic influences.
C)The heritability was .60,and all of it is due to additive genetic influences.
D)The heritability was .60,and all of it is due to non-additive genetic influences.
E)The heritability was .60,and it is equally divided between additive and non-additive genetic influences.
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8
Chapter 7: The Evolutionary Function of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following can be considered examples of trait variation being maintained by frequency-dependent selection?
1)An aggressive strategy never works better than a non-aggressive strategy does,even if virtually 0% of individuals use the aggressive strategy
2)An aggressive strategy works better than a non-aggressive strategy does,but only if less than 10% of individuals use the aggressive strategy
3)An aggressive strategy works better than a non-aggressive strategy does,but only if less than 70% of individuals use the aggressive strategy.
A)1 only
B)3 only
C)1 and 2 only
D)2 and 3 only
E)1,2,and 3
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9
Chapter 8: Personality Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which personality disorder involves an excessive sense of self-importance and entitlement?
A)Paranoid
B)Borderline
C)Histrionic
D)Obsessive-Compulsive
E)Narcissistic
Q2) Which set of three personality disorders includes one disorder from each of the three clusters into which those disorders have traditionally been classified?
A)Schizotypal,Paranoid,Narcissistic
B)Antisocial,Borderline,Obsessive-Compulsive
C)Schizoid,Histrionic,Dependent
D)Paranoid,Avoidant,Dependent
E)Schizoid,Borderline,Narcissistic
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Chapter 9: Personality and Life Outcomes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Friedman et al. (1995)investigated further details of the link between childhood personality and longevity.According to their findings,the relations between childhood personality and early mortality were fully accounted for by which of the following causes?
A)Smoking
B)Drinking
C)Obesity
D)All of the above,taken in combination.
E)None of the above,even in combination.
Q2) According to research findings,which combination of self-esteem and Narcissism levels is most likely to be associated with aggressive,hostile behavior?
A)High self-esteem,high Narcissism.
B)High self-esteem,low Narcissism.
C)Low self-esteem,high Narcissism.
D)Low self-esteem,low Narcissism.
E)Any levels of self-esteem or of Narcissism that are too far from the normal,average level.
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11
Chapter 10: Mental Ability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Much research has examined the relations between the IQ and work-related variables,such as job performance and occupational status.Which of the following statements can accurately describe the results of that research?
A)IQ is correlated with job performance only in jobs whose tasks resemble schoolwork
B)IQ is correlated most strongly with performance in jobs that are more complex
C)The correlation of IQ with occupational status is eliminated by controlling for parental occupational status.
D)A and B
E)B and C
Q2) In research on the relations between IQ and the speed of the brain,which type of task directly measures the amount of time that a stimulus must be present before the brain can notice that stimulus?
A)Nerve conduction velocity tasks
B)Inspection time tasks
C)Reaction time tasks
D)Both A and C
E)All of the above
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Chapter 11: Vocational Interests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the interest dimensions identified by Holland (1966)has been found to be largely unrelated to any of the Big Five personality factors but negatively related to the HEXACO Emotionality factor?
A)Social
B)Enterprising
C)Conventional
D)Realistic
E)Investigative
Q2) Which of the following patterns of sex differences is NOT generally observed in research on vocational interests?
A)On average,men are more interested than women in mechanical occupations.
B)On average,men are more interested than women in military-like occupations.
C)On average,women are more interested than men in child-development occupations.
D)On average,women are more interested than men in aesthetic- or fashion-related occupations.
E)None of the above;all of these patterns are observed.
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Chapter 12: Religion and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of investigations of the genetic and environmental influences on religiosity and political attitudes?
A)Genetic influences are weaker in adulthood than in adolescence,but common environment influences are stronger in adulthood than in adolescence.
B)Genetic influences are stronger in adulthood than in adolescence,but common environment influences are weaker in adulthood than in adolescence.
C)Both genetic and common environment influences are stronger in adulthood than in adolescence.
D)Both genetic and common environment influences are about equally strong in adulthood as in adolescence.
E)Both genetic and common environment influences are weaker in adulthood than in adolescence.
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14
Chapter 13: Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) What were the findings of Bailey,Kirk,Zhu,Dunne,and Martin (2005)in their investigation of the heritability of sociosexuality?
A)Almost all of the variation in sociosexuality is due to genetic influences.
B)Almost all of the variation in sociosexuality is due to common environment influences.
C)Almost all of the variation in sociosexuality is due to unique environment influences.
D)The variation in sociosexuality is due to a combination of common environment and unique environment influences.
E)The variation in sociosexuality is due to a combination of genetic and unique environment influences.
Q2) Suppose that a person has a very high level of Sexual Arousal.What is likely to be the most accurate inference about this person's levels of personality factors?
A)This person will have a low level of Conscientiousness.
B)This person will have a low level of Honesty-Humility.
C)This person will have a high level of Extraversion.
D)This person will have a high level of Emotionality.
E)This person will have a low level of Agreeableness.
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