Introduction to Criminology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology explores the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the societal responses to crime. This course provides an overview of key criminological theories, the historical development of criminology as a discipline, and the methods used to study crime. Students will examine the nature, extent, and causes of crime, as well as the role of law enforcement, the justice system, and policy in addressing criminal behavior. Through real-world examples and contemporary issues, the course encourages critical thinking about the impact of crime on individuals and communities, and the complex factors contributing to criminality in society.
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Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) The analysis of brain scans and DNA in order to better understand crime is the most representative of the _____ approach to criminology.
A) Biosocial
B) Classical
C) Positivist
D) Psychological Answer: A
Q2) The role of human judgment in determining what is categorized as "crime" renders the category arbitrary.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Sociology became the "home discipline" for criminology during the _____ era.
A) Civil Rights
B) Industrial
C) Progressive
D) Renaissance
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) One weakness of NIBRS is that it:
A) Has not yet been widely adopted by police agencies.
B) Is subject to respondents' memory lapses.
C) Tends to overestimate crime rates.
D) Does not include data on violent crimes.
Answer: A
Q2) The term "index crime" refers to:
A) The nation's murder rate.
B) Part I offenses on the UCR.
C) Part II offenses on the UCR.
D) The rate of violent victimizations reported on the NCVS.
Answer: B
Q3) Because all data sources converge on some very important points about crime,they enable us to proceed with at least some confidence in our endeavors to understand the whys of crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) What does "N.I.B.R.S." stand for?
Answer: "National Incident-Based Reporting System"
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Q1) Cesare Lombroso,Raffael Garofalo,and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the _____ school of criminology.
A) American
B) French C) German
D) Italian
Answer: D
Q2) There is little evidence that increasing the severity of the sanction (in the form of sentence length)has any deterrent effect.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The positivist school of criminology is primarily interested in making punishment more just and humane.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What is recidivism?
Answer: Committing another crime after previously being punished for one.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) What is "collective efficacy"?
Q2) According to Cohen,the real problem to overcome is _____,not blocked opportunity.
A) Mechanical solidarity
B) Social disorganization
C) Social inequalities
D) Status frustration
Q3) Identify the theorist(s)known for suggesting that crime is a normal and inevitable social phenomenon.
A) Shaw and McKay
B) Durkheim
C) Merton
D) Cloward and Ohlin
Q4) Identify the theorist(s)known for positing that just as there are barriers to achieving legitimate success,there are also barriers to achieving illegitimate success.
A) Shaw and McKay
B) Durkheim
C) Merton
D) Cloward and Ohlin
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Q1) According to social bond theory,commitment refers to a lifestyle in which one has invested considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career,rendering much at stake if they were to engage in crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An offender arrested for assault says: "I had to do it-he was threatening my little sister,and I had to protect her!" This is an example of which technique of neutralization?
A) Appeal to Higher Loyalties
B) Condemnation of Condemners
C) Denial of Injury
D) Denial of Responsibility
Q3) _____ stimuli are presented before a behavior occurs,and then has an impact on that behavior's likelihood of being repeated.
A) Discriminative
B) Operant
C) Reinforcing
D) Punitive
Q4) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,what is the source of low self-control?
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Q1) _____ justice is a system of mediation and conflict resolution that is focused on repairing the harm that has been caused by crime.
A) Emancipatory
B) Modified Punitive
C) Proletarian
D) Restorative
Q2) A woman obtains a job as a sales representative.She realizes that when she works late at night,there is little oversight,and she could easily steal from the cash register without detection.This is an example of the _____ hypothesis.
A) Emancipation
B) Gender-ratio
C) Masculinization
D) Staying alive
Q3) Marxist criminologists often view that the "real" crimes in society are violations of human rights,such as racism and sexism,whereas those acts commonly referred to as "crime" are natural outgrowths of class struggle.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Many studies have indicated that the lower the level of empathy/altruism,the higher the likelihood of antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Altruism refers to the ability to understand the feelings and distress of others as if they were your own.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Individuals with a readily aroused ANS are difficult to socialize.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Present-day psychological theories of crime wholly reject the belief that sociological factors have any influence on human behavior.
A)True B)False
Q5) Low IQ can impact many areas of life which in turn can increase the probability of offending.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) Describe the relationship observed by evolutionary psychologists between parenting and mating efforts and criminality.How might this information guide efforts to reduce or prevent crime?
Q2) The reward dominance theory comes from which school of thought?
A) Behavior Genetics
B) Evolutionary Psychology
C) Neuroscience
D) Psychology
Q3) Which of the following represents the policy implications of biosocial theories of crime?
A) The offering of pre- and post-natal care for women.
B) Monitoring infants and young children in their early years.
C) Providing pharmacological treatments.
D) All of the above.
Q4) Evolutionary psychologists refer to the illegitimate acquisition of resources as:
A) Criminal.
B) Cheating.
C) Lying.
D) Unfair advancement.
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) "Delinquency" is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One advantage of developmental theories is that they can identify characteristics that lead to onset/persistence/desistance of antisocial behavior in the same individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) There are some societies in which juvenile delinquency does not occur.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The vast majority of offenders are:
A) Adolescent-limited offenders.
B) In their thirties.
C) Life course persistent offenders.
D) Serious offenders.
Q5) Provide two examples that would be considered a "turning point" according to age-graded theory.
Q6) What is meant by "the maturity gap"?
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Q1) _____ argue that rape is sexually motivated,and represents a maladaptive consequence of the generally adaptive behavior of seeking as many sexual partners as possible.
A) Evolutionary psychologists
B) Feminists
C) Social learning theorists
D) Therapists
Q2) According to the most recent statistics,where are robberies most likely to take place?
A) Banks
B) Convenience stores
C) Private residences
D) Streets or highways
Q3) _____ hold that every man is a potential rapist,but also that rape is a sexually motivated crime.
A) Evolutionary psychologists
B) Feminists
C) Social learning theorists
D) Therapists
Q4) Briefly explain the feminist theory of rape.
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Which term refers to someone who illicitly accesses someone else's computer system?
A) Fence
B) Hacker
C) Jockey
D) Torch
Q2) Many burglars actually give up legitimate jobs in order to concentrate on burglary.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are some policy ideas to reduce the crime of embezzlement? Use theoretical arguments learned in this class to support your answer.
Q4) _____ is the creation or alteration of documents to give them the appearance of legality and validity with the intention of gaining some benefit from doing so.
A) Forgery
B) Uttering
C) Fraud
D) Counterfeiting
Q5) What is carjacking?
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Q1) The FBI's Behavioral Science Unit is credited with developing methods of profiling serial killers and other violent offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most serial killers are out of touch with reality,and are driven to murder due to symptoms of their mental illness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One commonality among all terrorist groups is that they originate in response to some perceived injustice.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Terrorism is a tactic used to influence the behavior of others through:
A) Charisma.
B) Intimidation.
C) Psychopathology.
D) Rewards.
Q5) Define and describe "terrorism" as a category of crime.What element(s)distinguish terrorism from other forms of violence?
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Q1) Alcohol consumption often drives individuals to commit violence or other criminal acts when drinking even where they have no propensity to engage in those behaviors otherwise.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One of the common questions surrounding the connection between alcohol and criminality is whether one "causes" the other,or whether they simply co-vary.Do you believe that alcohol causes crime,or that criminal involvement leads to alcohol consumption,or neither? Support your answer with what you have learned in this class.
Q3) Environmental factors are more important for understanding _____ alcoholism than _____ alcoholism.
A) Type I; Type II
B) Type II; Type I
C) Type III; Type IV
D) Type IV; Type III
Q4) What is the difference between Type I and Type II alcoholism?
Q5) Most drug use by adolescents will eventually develop into addiction.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) What thought characterizes those with an external locus of control?
Q2) The approach that business should be left alone to do as they will is known as _____.
A) Caveat emptor
B) Laissez-faire
C) Machiavellianism
D) Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Q3) The Morielitos organized crime group specializes primarily in:
A) Drug trafficking.
B) Illegal gaming.
C) Professioal arson.
D) Sex trafficking.
Q4) A promising criminal who is not of Italian descent,but who has qualities useful to the organization,may become a(n)_____ of La Cosa Nostra.
A) Associate member
B) Counselor
C) Lieutenant
D) Soldier
Q5) What is corporate crime?
Q6) What is the main argument of ethnic succession theory?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) What does victimology offer to our understanding of crime?
Q2) Most victimization is random and unpredictable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Some victims describe _____ as the "rape" of their home.
A) Burglary
B) Fraud
C) Larceny
D) Robbery
Q4) _____ is the least common form of violent victimization in the workplace.
A. Aggravated assault
B. Homicide
C. Robbery
D. Simple assault
Q5) Victim precipitation theory is credited to _____.
A) Amir
B) Gottfredson
C) Sampson
D) Von Hentig
Q6) Briefly discuss the risk of victimization at schools relative to other places. Page 17
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