Introduction to Criminology Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology provides students with a foundational understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and the societal responses to crime. The course examines the development of criminological theory, including classical, positivist, and contemporary perspectives, and explores the roles of social, economic, and psychological factors in shaping criminal conduct. Students will analyze crime patterns, the criminal justice system, and current issues such as policing, corrections, and crime prevention strategies. Through case studies and critical discussions, the course encourages students to consider the complexities of law enforcement, ethical dilemmas, and the impact of crime on victims and communities.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) Lombroso's theory of the "born criminal" was aligned with which school of thought?
A) Biosocial
B) Classical
C) Positivist
D) Psychological
Answer: C
Q2) "Criminality" is a legal term.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The analysis of brain scans and DNA in order to better understand crime is the most representative of the _____ approach to criminology.
A) Biosocial
B) Classical
C) Positivist
D) Psychological
Answer: A
Q4) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala prohibita.
Answer: Examples: Prostitution,drug dealing.
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The "hierarchy rule" refers to the:
A) Fact that those of a higher socioeconomic status are less likely to be arrested for crimes.
B) Ranking system of different crime data sources by their level of accuracy.
C) Practice of only reporting the most serious offense committed in a given incident.
D) Tendency of respondents to only report serious crimes in self-report surveys.
Answer: C
Q2) The NCVS and UCR are in general agreement regarding recent crime trends.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) How are crime rates calculated?
Answer: A crime rate is the actual number of reported crimes standardized by some unit of the population.
Q4) What does it mean when we say "cleared by arrest?"
Answer: A person has been arrested and charged for a Part I crime.
Q5) Identify two "index crimes."
Answer: Possibilities: homicide,assault,forcible rape,robbery,larceny/theft,burglary,motor vehicle theft,and arson.
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Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Q1) The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as:
A) Hedonism.
B) The principle of utility.
C) The cartographic approach.
D) The contrast effect.
Answer: B
Q2) Cartographic criminology is primarily interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) According to routine activities theory,what are the three components that combine for crime to occur?
Answer: Motivated offender,suitable target,and the lack of a capable guardian.
Q4) Cesare Lombroso was well-known for his contributions to biological positivism. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) With which theory is Robert Agnew associated?
A) Strain Theory
B) General Strain Theory
C) Social Disorganization Theory
D) Institutional Strain Theory
Q2) The first criminological tradition to be developed in the United States was the Chicago school of human ecology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the central argument of institutional anomie theory.
Q4) Briefly explain the distinction between "mechanical solidarity" and "organic solidarity."
Q5) What is "social disorganization"?
Q6) _____ is characteristic of modern societies in which there is a high degree of occupational specialization.
A) Organic solidarity
B) Mechanic solidarity
C) Natural solidarity
D) Communal solidarity
Q7) What is "collective efficacy"?
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Q1) According to Lemert,_____ deviance is the initial nonconforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities.
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Formal
Q2) Which theory attributes delinquency to an excess of definitions favorable to violations of the law over definitions unfavorable to violations of the law?
A) Differential association theory
B) Neutralization theory
C) Self-control theory
D) Social bond theory
Q3) Which of the following theorists is associated with labeling theory?
A) Travis Hirschi
B) Frank Tannenbaum
C) Ronald Akers
D) Edwin Sutherland
Q4) Identify and explain the five techniques of neutralization according to Sykes and Matza's work.Provide one example of each.
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Q1) Briefly describe the emancipation hypothesis.
Q2) Identify the main tenets of conflict theory.Do you think that this theory has any practical policy implications in our efforts to reduce crime? Support your answer with information that you have learned in this class.
Q3) What is the generalizability problem in feminist criminology?
Q4) A major criticism of critical theories is that they ignore the role of power relationships in explaining crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Research has supported that capitalism is associated with higher crime rates than socialism.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The ____ problem refers to the universal fact that women are far less likely than men to involve themselves in criminal activity.
A) Emancipation
B) Gender ratio
C) Gender inequality
D) Generalizability
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following is associated with increased risk of criminality?
A) A high level of empathy.
B) A high rate of serotonin.
C) A relatively unresponsive ANS.
D) A low level of performance intellect.
Q2) _____ can be thought of as the action component of empathy; if you feel empathy for someone,you will probably feel motivated to take some sort of action to alleviate that person's distress.
A) Conscientiousness
B) Altruism
C) Empathy
D) Moral reasoning
Q3) The most widely used measure of psychopathy is the _____.
A) APA
B) DSM-IV
C) LSI-R
D) PCL-R
Q4) What is the "intellectual imbalance"?
Q5) Briefly describe the contributions of "lifestyle theory."
Q6) Briefly describe antisocial personality disorder (APD). Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) Which of the following best represents the findings regarding the relationship between genetic influences and antisocial behavior?
A) Genetic influences are not related to antisocial behavior.
B) Genetic influences are more strongly linked to juvenile antisocial behavior than adult behavior.
C) Genetic influences are more strongly linked to adult antisocial behavior than juvenile behavior.
D) Genetic influences are strongly predictive of both juvenile and adult antisocial behavior.
Q2) Evolutionary psychologists refer to the illegitimate acquisition of resources as:
A) Criminal.
B) Cheating.
C) Lying.
D) Unfair advancement.
Q3) Individuals who have a dominant BIS are at a greater risk for criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly explain prefrontal dysfunction theory.
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) The vast majority of offenders are:
A) Adolescent-limited offenders.
B) In their thirties.
C) Life course persistent offenders.
D) Serious offenders.
Q2) One advantage of developmental theories is that they can identify characteristics that lead to onset/persistence/desistance of antisocial behavior in the same individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Age-graded theory strongly emphasizes the predictive nature of individual traits over the potential impact of environmental factors or human agency.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is a risk factor?
Q5) Provide two examples that would be considered a "turning point" according to age-graded theory.
Q6) What distinguishes delinquency from criminality?
Q7) What is meant by "the maturity gap"?
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Q1) What distinguishes aggravated assault from simple assault?
A) The circumstances leading to the assault.
B) The amount of harm resulting from the assault.
C) The use of a weapon in the assault.
D) The level of complexity of the crime.
Q2) The idea that robbers are among the most daring and dangerous of individuals is based on the fact that robbers:
A) Have been found to score higher than other offenders in the measure of bravado.
B) Are engaging in greater risk than most other offenders.
C) Tend to cause greater harm to their victims in the carrying out of their crimes.
D) Command greater respect from their victims.
Q3) What is an "honor subculture"?
Q4) Rapists are the least educated,most fearless,most impulsive,and most hedonistic of all criminals.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify one characteristic associated with a disproportionate risk for rape victimization.
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Compare and contrast burglary to identity theft.How are these crimes similar? How are they different?
Q2) Price gouging is an example of fraud.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____ is the rarest of property crimes.
A) Embezzlement
B) Larceny
C) Motor Vehicle Theft
D) Shoplifting
Q4) Most motor vehicle thefts are committed by:
A) Juveniles, for fun.
B) Juveniles, for financial gain.
C) Professional criminals, for fun.
D) Professional criminals, for financial gain.
Q5) _____ is the most important consideration for low- and mid-level burglars.
A) Guardianship
B) Proximity
C) Target Attractiveness
D) Target Exposure
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Q1) Identify one characteristic that tends to distinguish serial murder from other forms of multiple murders.
Q2) An upset student opens fire in a school cafeteria,killing eighteen of his classmates.This student is best identified as a:
A) Mass murderer.
B) Sadistic murderer.
C) Serial murderer.
D) Spree murderer.
Q3) Identify and describe two typologies of serial killers.
Q4) The _____ model attempts to integrate cultural,developmental,psychological,and biological concepts to explain serial killing.
A) Diathesis-stress
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Mission-oriented
D) Social learning
Q5) The diathesis-stress model attempts to explain terrorist acts through an evolutionary psychology perspective.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Q1) One of the common questions surrounding the connection between alcohol and criminality is whether one "causes" the other,or whether they simply co-vary.Do you believe that alcohol causes crime,or that criminal involvement leads to alcohol consumption,or neither? Support your answer with what you have learned in this class.
Q2) What is a stimulant?
Q3) What has been found regarding the relationship between alcohol/substance abuse and criminality?
Q4) Girls who have experienced physical,sexual,and emotional abuse are more vulnerable to pressures to enter prostitution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Type _____ alcoholism is characterized by mild abuse and minimal criminality,and tends to begin later in life.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
Q6) What was the Harrison Narcotic Act? Include its significance.
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) The view of La Cosa Nostra as a loose connection of criminal groups held together by kinship and patronage is known as the _____ model.
A) Corporate
B) Feudal
C) Hierarchical
D) Organizational
Q2) Corporate crime is most similar to which adaptation from strain theory?
A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Rebellion
D) Retreatism
Q3) What is corporate crime?
Q4) Just as there are criminogenic neighborhoods,there are also criminogenic corporations with a "tradition" of wrongdoing.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Most white collar crime is committed by persons of particularly high status.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) Some people discount victimology theories as "victim blaming," while others see value in identifying the risk factors of victimization.Present both sides of this argument,supporting each side with what you have learned in this class.
Q2) Males are more likely to be victimized by someone they know than by a stranger.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they know than by a stranger.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Victimology seeks to answer why some individuals,households,groups,and other entities are targeted and others are not.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the consequences of victimization.What role should victims play in the criminal justice process? Support your answer.
Q6) List two risk factors for the molestation of girls.
Q7) What does victimology offer to our understanding of crime?
Page 18
Q8) Identify one right provided by the Crime Victim's Bill of Rights.
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