Introduction to Criminology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology explores the fundamental concepts, theories, and research methods used to understand the nature, causes, and control of criminal behavior within society. The course examines key sociological, psychological, and biological perspectives on why crimes occur and looks at the social responses to crime, including the role of law enforcement, the courts, and correctional institutions. Students will also analyze contemporary issues in criminology such as youth crime, organized crime, victimization, and the impact of public policy, developing a foundational knowledge for further study in the field of criminal justice.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Sociological Understanding 6th Edition by Steve E. Barkan
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18 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Criminology and the Sociological Perspective
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Q1) _____ refers to how a society is organized in terms of social relationships and social interactions.
A) Social learning
B) Social deviance
C) Social structure
D) Social construct
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following ideas was advanced at the University of Chicago?
A) They attributed high crime rates to certain social and physical conditions.
B) They attributed high crime rates to the race and ethnicity of immigrants.
C) They attributed high crime rates to the increase in social programs such as welfare and food stamps.
D) They attributed high crime rates to poor nutrition in the public schools.
Answer: A
Q3) Explain the three major goals of the criminal law.
Answer: The goals of the criminal law are to: 1)help keep the public safe from crime and criminals or; 2)articulate our society's moral values and concerns,and; 3)protect the rights and freedoms of the nation's citizenry.
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3
Chapter 2: Public Opinion, the News Media, and the Crime Problem
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Q1) The saying,"if it bleeds it leads" suggests the media overreports violent crime.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In general,______ tend to hold more punitive views than others.
A) minorities
B) women
C) juveniles
D) religious fundamentalists
Answer: D
Q3) Democratic theory suggests that:
A) democratic countries have higher crime rates than dictatorships.
B) whenever possible, police should hold public meetings on policy decisions.
C) courts should base their sentencing on public opinion.
D) policy decisions by public officials should reflect public opinion.
Answer: D
Q4) 1.5 to 2.5 million _____ are reported missing each year.
Answer: children
Q5) _____ factors include such elements as the level of social integration.
Answer: structural
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Chapter 3: The Measurement and Patterning of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) As with gender,racial arrests statistics may reflect _____ more than racial differences in actual offending.
A) police arrest practices
B) an increase in the number of minority police officers
C) a lack of minority police officers the implementation of community policing programs
Answer: A
Q2) There has been one common trend in overall crime rates since the 1990s.Express that trend and offer at least three explanations for that trend.
Answer: Answers will vary
Q3) Better known as _____ offenders,these offenders often continue their offending into adulthood as they enter criminal careers.
Answer: chronic
Q4) When is crime generally higher?
A) Winter
B) Spring
C) Summer
D) Fall
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Victims and Victimization
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Q1) Which of the following is not a key component of routine activities theory?
A) Presence of attractive target
B) Presence of likely offender
C) Absence of lifestyle changes
D) Absence of guardianship
Q2) Self-reports accumulate data by asking individual police officers to report crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Victimization rates are highest in rural areas.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Prosecutors prefer cases with _____ victims: those who,according to a prosecutor of sexual assault cases,"are well-educated and articulate,and are,above all,presentable to a jury"
Q5) Victims of _____ crime remain a prime subject for social science research and for government action.
Q6) Judges have begun to ask victims to submit victim-impact _____ to consider as the judges decide on the appropriate sentence for convicted offenders.
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Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Perspectives
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Q1) Which of the following types of crimes is considered more deterrable?
A) Terminal offenses
B) Instrumental offenses
C) Expressive offenses
D) Penal offenses
Q2) Would you regard "three-strike" laws to be successful?
Q3) The Age of _____ eventually led to more scientific explanations,especially those grounded in positivism,which attributes behavior to forces inside and outside the individual.
Q4) What was the dominant source of knowledge in the Western world through the middle ages?
A) Religion
B) The Koran
C) Ancient Greek philosophers
D) The nobility
Q5) Subjective deterrence refers to the impact of people's _____ of the certainty and severity of legal punishment.
Q6) Routine activities theory is also known as _____ theory.
Q7) Identify the three major components of routine activities theory.
Q8) What are the different types of deterrence?
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Chapter 6: Biological and Psychological Explanations
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Q1) Discuss what adoption studies say about the biological link to crime.
Q2) Which of the following is said to increase aggressiveness,risk taking and impulsiveness?
A) Testosterone
B) Androgen
C) Insulin
D) Ritalin
Q3) The _____ defense is based on the overconsumption of junk food.
Q4) Which of the following criminal defenses is based on the idea of women having "raging hormones"?
A) KGB
B) DNA
C) XXY
D) PMS
Q5) Which of the following suggests a genetic tendency for criminal behavior is passed from parents to children?
A) Puberty
B) Heredity
C) Nationality
D) Equality
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Structure
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Q1) Social structure theory is also called _____ and takes a "big picture" approach to crime.
A) social environment
B) neoclassical
C) bio-neurological
D) structural atavism
Q2) Anderson documented a code of the _____ among young urban African-Americans that arises from despair and alienation and that helps explain their interpersonal violence.
Q3) Durkheim emphasized two related mechanisms,_____,by which society was able to hold individual impulses in check.
A) physical structures and proper nutrition
B) politics and anomie
C) socialization and social ties
D) norms and values
Q4) Does your hometown have a "concentric zone"? What are some of the physical characteristics of that area?
Q5) Durkheim put forth the concept of anomie.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Sociological Theories: Emphasis on Social Process
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Q1) Social processes such as _____ affect our chances of becoming or not becoming criminal offenders.
A) peer influences, socialization, and social interaction
B) broken windows, poor nutrition, and inequality
C) strain, atavism, and superego
D) brain chemistry, punishment, and media
Q2) According to Sutherland:
A) crime results due to economic inequality and a lack of self-control.
B) an individual will choose crime when he/she lives in relative deprivation.
C) people pursue criminal behavior to the extent they identify with members of reference groups who engage in criminal behavior.
D) a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law.
Q3) Belief refers to:
A) an individual's investment of energy and emotion
B) getting a good education.
C) the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit.
D) acceptance of the norms of conventional society.
Q4) Do you think that dropping out of school promotes of reduced delinquency?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Sociological Theories: Critical Perspectives
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Q1) According to Marx,it is the _____ who work for the bourgeoisie.
Q2) The _____ theory suggests that social institutions serve the interests of the powerful in society and are dysfunctional for many other members of society.
Q3) Although restorative justice practices differ,they include such things as victim ___ panels,in which victims talk with offenders about their feelings as victims.
Q4) Traditional theories of deviance and crime adopt an absolutist definition of deviance as something real that is inherent in behavior.In contrast,labeling theory adopts a relativist definition.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the following considers the ruling class a small,unified group that uses the law to dominate the poor and to advance its own interests?
A) Constitutional Marxism
B) Determinist Marxism
C) Expressive Marxism
D) Instrumental Marxism
Q6) Explain the basic assumptions of labeling theory.
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Chapter 10: Violent Crime: Homicide, Assault, and Robbery
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Q1) Do you think any particular television shows may contribute to violence in the US? Which ones? Why?
Q2) Why do you think the US has such a high homicide rate compared to other Western countries? What would you do to change that?
Q3) Which of the following are committed against individuals or groups or their property (destruction and theft)because of their race,ethnicity,religion,national origin,disability,or sexual orientation?
A) Maximum crimes
B) Multi-cultural crimes
C) Hate crimes
D) Diversity crimes
Q4) Mass murder involves:
A) the taking of several lives at once or within a very short time frame.
B) the methodical taking of a human life one at a time over a period of days, weeks, months or even years.
C) the taking of human lives in repeated use of self-defense over time.
D) the involuntary killing of multiple people by accident such as a car accident.
Q5) The _____ type of robber,robs to acquire money to buy illegal drugs.
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Chapter 11: Violence Against Women
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Q1) Another study of college students focused just on _____,a specific form of stalking involving electronic devices and/or the use of social media and other aspects of the Internet.
A) satellite stalking
B) high-tech stalking
C) electrical stalking
D) cyber-stalking
Q2) About _____ percent of each sex commits at least one act of violence (contained in a Conflict Tactics Scales [CTS] list ranging from slapping to using a knife or gun)against a spouse in a given year.
A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 19
Q3) Research suggests that women like to be raped and "ask" to be raped by their dress,behavior,or both.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Women who serve our country in the _____ often are victims of sexual assault.
Q5) The primary targets of rape and sexual assault are _____.
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Chapter 12: Property Crime and Fraud
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Q1) Katz suggests that much crime is committed for "sneaky _____."
Q2) Shoplifting is a Part _____ offense.
Q3) Tax fraud,or tax evasion,involves:
A) the intentional failure to pay all taxes owed.
B) the use of the internet in any type of illegal scheme.
C) government officials such as Barrack Obama creating trillion dollar deficits.
D) failing to pass tax law in the congress.
Q4) Which of the following is committed primarily by teenage boys working in groups as amateur motor vehicle thieves?
A) Stripping
B) Racing
C) Chopping
D) Joyriding
Q5) Which of the following is defined as an attempted or completed unlawful taking,carrying,leading,or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another?
A) Burglary
B) Arson
C) Larceny-theft
D) Truancy
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Chapter 13: White-collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) Which of the following statements reflects a basic similarity between white-collar crime and street crime?
A) Both types of crime involve stealing and violence.
B) Both types of crime involve government cooperation.
C) Only one involves stealing and violence.
D) Both types of crime have similar economic costs.
Q2) Most organizational crime is committed by minorities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Occupational crime is committed by individuals in the course of their occupation for _____ gain.
Q4) The news media tends to cover white-collar crime more than street crime. A)True
B)False
Q5) Have you ever been guilty of pilferage? How did you justify your "corporate crime?"
Q6) Do you agree that television and movies glamorize organized crime? Which types?
Q7) The earliest example of organized crime is piracy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Political Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of vigilante terrorism?
A) Pearl Harbor
B) 9/11
C) Space shuttle Challenger explosion
D) Oklahoma City bombing
Q2) Crime can only be committed by individuals,not governments.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Crime by government and other established interests is crime by those with _____.
Q4) Genocides have only occurred in Africa.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A related form of political violence is political _____,or the murder of public figures for political reasons.
A) assassination
B) impeachment
C) indictment
D) aggression
Q6) Crime by _____ is also called state-crime.
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Chapter 15: Consensual Crime
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Q1) Marijuana smoking causes many death and illness than consuming the typical US high-fat diet of red meat,ice cream,and other such foods.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Do you support drug legalization? If so,which drugs? Why?
Q3) Some feminists distinguish between _____,which depicts sexual violence against women,and _____,which depicts respectful nudity and consensual,loving sexual interaction between adults.
A) soft-core pornography, violent pornography
B) violent pornography, erotica
C) erotica, violent pornography
D) pedophilia, high-class pornography
Q4) Explain why prostitution often called "the world's oldest profession"?
Q5) Cigarettes contain the legal drug _____.
Q6) Prostitution is legal in the state of _____.
Q7) Almost all individuals who are trafficked for sex are women or girls.
A)True
B)False
Q9) In your opinion,is prostitution a victimless crime? Page 17
Q8) _____ is sometimes known as "the world's oldest profession".
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Chapter 16: Policing: Dilemmas of Crime Control in a Democratic Society
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Q1) There is growing evidence on the effectiveness of directed police patrol or _____ policing,which targets the relatively few locations at which most of a city's serious street crime occurs.
Q2) In a democratic society,a key question is:
A) the best way to oppress citizens.
B) how much power to give to the police to preserve law and order.
C) how to limit all due process for illegal aliens.
D) the best way to expand government authority.
Q3) US policing developed from the early German system.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In early England,a system of community policing called the frankpledge developed.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How does community policing differ from more aggressive styles of policing?
Q6) Community policing is a somewhat vague term.What does it mean to you?
Q7) A main duty of an English constable was to control poaching on the noble's land.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Prosecution and Punishment
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Q1) Does use of plea bargain deny accused individuals their right to justice? Would a more just system demand more cases go to trial?
Q2) Heavy _____ burden,prosecutors,defense attorneys and judges.
Q3) Which of the following statements accurately reflects an element of the criminal justice system?
A) Just over two-thirds of young middle-aged Latino males (ages 35-55) are either in prison, in jail, or on probation or parole.
B) Just over one-third of all women (all ages) nationally are under correctional supervision.
C) Some one-third of young African-American males (ages 20 -29) nationally are under correctional supervision.
D) Some two-thirds of older Caucasians (ages 55-75) are either in prison, in jail, or on probation or parole.
Q4) The United States has long been said to have an adversary system of criminal justice.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Address the important difference between repressive law and restitutive law.
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Chapter 18: Conclusion: How Can We Reduce Crime?
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Q1) Crime is less likely when families live in apartment buildings,public housing projects,and other types of crowded housing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
A) Provide affordable, high-quality child day care for all parents who need it to work outside the home and flexible work schedules to allow parents to spend more time with children.
B) Establish well-funded early childhood intervention programs for high-risk children and their families.
C) Provide government economic aid for people who cannot find work or who find work but still cannot lift themselves out of poverty.
D) Expand "three strikes and you're out" and mandatory imprisonment policies.
Q3) Unemployment lines indicate a social problem-_____-that contributes to the crime rate.
A) the failure of individuals to seek out available jobs
B) the absence of a sufficient number of decent-paying jobs for the poor
C) the success of socialism and government intervention in the economy
D) the success of racial segregation
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