Introduction to Criminology
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology explores the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. The course examines theoretical perspectives on why crimes occur, the nature and extent of crime in society, and the roles of various institutions in responding to criminal behavior. Topics include sociological, psychological, and biological theories of crime; the social construction of deviance; types of crime; victims and victimization; and an overview of law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Students will develop a foundational understanding of criminological concepts and analytical tools for evaluating crime and justice in contemporary society.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition by Pamela J. Schram
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology
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Q1) Law enforcement includes various organizational levels at the federal,state,and local levels.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Give one (1)example of a specific condition that could be imposed upon an individual on probation.
Answer: House arrest,urine testing,methadone maintenance,vocational training,psychological or psychiatric treatment.
Q3) The following definition of criminology was developed by ______: The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon,which includes the process of making laws,of breaking laws,and of reacting toward the breaking of laws.
A)Hirschi
B)Gottfredson
C)Durkheim
D)Sutherland
Answer: D
Q4) Criminology is not only the study of crime,but also what?
Answer: Reasons why people engage or don't engage in criminal behavior.
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime
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Q1) This type of death occurs when an officer is killed because of or while performing his or her official duties and as a direct result of a criminal act by a subject:
A)felonious death
B)line-of-duty
C)thin blue line
D)accidental death
Answer: A
Q2) Explain how Monitoring the Future is considered a self-report survey.
Answer: It is an annual survey that asks kids to report on their drug use.
Q3) The FBI developed an enhanced UCR Program which is named the ______.
A)National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
B)Supplemental Homicide Report (SHR)
C)National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
D)Hot Spot Data (HSD)
Answer: C
Q4) The NVSS data is a subset of the General Social Survey (GSS).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Classical School of Criminology Thought
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Q1) The book The Origin of Species,written by ______,cast doubt on Classical and Neoclassical theories.This book introduced the concept that other influences of human behavior beyond free will and choice were at play.
A)Jeremy Bentham
B)Cesare Beccaria
C)Thomas Hobbes
D)Charles Darwin
Answer: D
Q2) Celerity of sentencing is related to the deterrence aspect of punishment,according to Beccaria.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Beccaria claimed that torture should not be used against defendants.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) What was considered the first rational theory of criminal activity? Provide an example.
Answer: Deterrence theory.Various examples.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research
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Q1) What is the experiential effect? Give an example.Can this effect be combated or changed,and if so,how?
Q2) ______ is an explanation of crime that assumes crime and victimization are highest in places where three factors come together in time and place: motivated offenders,suitable or attractive targets,and absence of a guardian.
A)Lifestyle theory
B)Deterrence theory
C)Neoclassical theory
D)Routine activities theory
Q3) Aggregate studies revealed a new interest in deterrence and supported the importance of what two Beccarian ideas?
Q4) This type of research asks individuals to estimate their immediate intent to commit a criminal act in a given situation and their immediate perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment.
A)longitudinal studies
B)aggregate studies
C)cross-sectional studies
D)scenario studies
Q5) How can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?
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Chapter 5: Early Positivism
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Q1) If people are born criminals,we can prevent them by medicating them at birth.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Eugenics is the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How was Sheldon's research on body types and temperament flawed?
Q4) According to Goddard,the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______.
A)moron
B)idiot
C)imbecile
D)fool
Q5) Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.
A)True
B)False
Q6) According to Darwin,what is natural selection?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice policies?
Q2) ______ studied a family,the Kallikaks,to determine if there is a link between heredity and criminality.
A)H.H.Goddard
B)Richard L.Dugdale
C)Sarnoff Mednick
D)Patricia A.Jacobs
Q3) Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence behavior,particularly the interaction between the two.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the findings of the "twins separated at birth" studies? How was the phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the criticisms presented in relation to these studies?
Q5) What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s? Why were these findings strongly criticized?
Q6) Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?
Q7) What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?
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Chapter 7: Psychologicaltrait Theories of Crime
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Q1) Delinquency is considered ______ when it results in antisocial behavior.
A)latent
B)manifest
C)dormant
D)apparent
Q2) What is the M'Naghten rule?
Q3) To achieve an ideal level of arousal,extroverts need what?
Q4) ______ developed the controversial concept of psychoanalysis,founded on the perception of resistance used by individuals when therapists attempt to make them conscious of their unconscious.
A)August Aichhorn
B)Albert Fish
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Erik Erikson
Q5) Individuals with low psychoticism are characterized as being all of the following EXCEPT:
A)egocentric
B)empathetic
C)peaceful
D)altruistic
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Social Structure Theories of Crime I
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Q1) Conflict gangs are highly organized and turn a tremendous profit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following would fit best with Merton's adaptation of ritualism?
A)corner boy
B)delinquent boy
C)criminal boy
D)college boy
Q3) What does Durkheim mean when he states that humans have no internal mechanism to signal when their needs and desires are satiated?
Q4) Strain theories all trace their origin to the theory of what criminologist?
Q5) What distinguishes Cloward and Ohlin's theory from the previous strain theories is that they emphasized five different types of gangs that form based on the characteristics of the social structure in the neighborhood.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What did Andre-Michel Guerry ultimately conclude from his report examining the first modern national crime statistics?
Q7) Explain Cohen's model of status frustration.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II
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Q1) Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Shaw and McKay's formulation of social disorganization focused on the micro level of analysis,which has been criticized in recent years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss Shaw and McKay's Theory of Social Disorganization.
Q4) The area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles suggested by Park (invasion,domination,etc. )is ______.
A)Zone I
B)Zone II
C)Zone III
D)Zone IV
E)Zone V
Q5) Give an example of the focal concern of trouble.
Q6) Discuss the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.
Q7) To what does the term code of the streets refer?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime
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Q1) Neither Burgess and Aker's model nor Sutherland's theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______ takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media.
A)Differential association
B)Differential reinforcement
C)Differential identification
D)Containment
Q3) The text states that it is arguable that ______ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated)model of criminal offending.
A)neutralization theory
B)differential reinforcement theory
C)power-control theory
D)containment theory
Q4) Apply the five techniques of neutralization to an example of your choice.
Q5) Give two (2)examples of a positive reinforcement.
Q6) What are the two (2)propositions related to control-balance theory?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict-Marxistradical
Theories of Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is deviance created by?
A)law makers
B)politicians
C)individuals
D)society
Q2) Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach;emphasizes victim,community,and offender.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______,in labeling theory,is the type of minor,infrequent offending people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders.
A)Looking-glass self
B)Primary deviance
C)Secondary deviance
D)Dramatization of evil
Q4) Explain retrospective interpretation.
Q5) There are two (2)basic types of criminological theories: spiritualism and naturalism.Explain these two (2)types and the three (3)types of naturalistic theories.
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Chapter 12: Feminist Theories of Crime
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Q1) The "add women and stir approach" is when one uses an existing theoretical perspective based on males and "adds" women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Classical liberal feminists support limited government and a free market as well as political and legal rights.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Welfare liberal feminists favor government involvement in providing citizens,particularly underprivileged individuals,with all of the following EXCEPT:
A)food and water
B)housing
C)social security
D)health care
E)education
Q4) Explain the difference between sex and gender.
Q5) What is women's agency?
Q6) Explain the importance of reflexivity in research.
Q7) According to the conservative perspective,how is gender formed?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Developmentallife-Course Perspectives
Criminality
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Q1) Thornberry's model puts the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of moral beliefs that individuals hold regarding criminal offending.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How can you relate Sampson and Laub's transitions and trajectories to a reformed prisoner pleading for parole?
Q3) ______ was not seriously considered an Index crime until around 1978 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
A)aggravated assault
B)rape
C)burglary
D)arson
Q4) Inadvertent exposure to toxins,such as lead,has shown an alarming causal connection to persistent criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define developmental theory.
Q6) What is the "chicken-or-egg" debate presented by Thornberry?
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Chapter 14: White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Cybercrime
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Q1) According to Sutherland's definition,if a clerk at a fast-food restaurant steals money from the register,it is not considered white-collar crime because,although the person committed the crime while engaging in work-related duties,he or she clearly does not hold a white-collar position.
A)True
B)False
Q2) SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.White-collar crime and corruption were found to be the highest internationally in what two (2)regions of the world?
A)South Asia
B)Western Europe
C)West/Central Africa
D)East Africa
Q3) How has white-collar crime damaged the moral and social fabric of society? Discuss its place in society and ties to the community.
Q4) What two agencies does the Environmental Protection Agency work with to develop and enforce regulations to protect the environment from corporate crimes?
Q5) Discuss some of the legislation that has been enacted to address cybercrime.
Page 16
Q6) Why does the text state that we are all paying for corporate crimes?
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Chapter 15: Hate Crimes, Terrorism, and Home Land Security
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Q1) Censorship refers to whether media coverage of a terrorist incident inspires more terrorism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There are documented connections between terrorist groups and drug trafficking,particularly in reference to smuggling pseudoephedrine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Part of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is now part of the U.S.Customs and Border Protection agency.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The majority of bias-motivated incidents reported by law enforcement agencies were motivated by a(n)______ bias.
A)religious
B)ethnicity/national origin
C)sexual-orientation
D)racial
Page 17
Q5) The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 prohibits what two (2)things?
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Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) What level of ethanol dose can result in an individual having a comatose physical state?
A)1-4 oz.
B)4-12 oz.
C)12-16 oz.
D)16-24 oz.
E)24-30 oz.
Q2) All of the following are considered characteristics of countercultures EXCEPT:
A)claims of superiority over the dominant society
B)members who reject spiritual leaders and refuse religion
C)sexual relationships that deviate from the nuclear family ideal
D)members who reject many of the status symbols of the larger society
Q3) How is alcohol advertised in the United States? Give two (2)examples.
Q4) What is a hallucinogen? Explain the three categories of hallucinogens,and explain what a trip is and its effects.
Q5) Two German scientists working at Bayer marketed and sold the first ______.
A)benzodiazepines
B)tranquilizer
C)alcoholic beverage
D)barbiturate
Page 18
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