Introduction to Criminology
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology provides students with a foundational understanding of the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. The course explores key criminological theories, the causes and consequences of crime, methods for measuring and analyzing crime data, and the impact of social, cultural, and economic factors on criminal behavior. Through an examination of topics such as types of crime, victimology, and the evolution of criminological thought, students gain insights into the complex interplay between individuals, society, and the law, preparing them for further study or careers in criminal justice, law enforcement, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
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Q1) The ______ contributes to a criminal event by failing to prevent criminal activity.
A) victim
B) offender
C) criminal justice system
D) general public
Answer: C
Q2) The psychological perspective sees crime primarily as
A) a violation of a law.
B) an offense against human relationships.
C) an antisocial act
D) problem behavior.
Answer: D
Q3) A _______________ studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.
A) scientist
B) criminal justice professional
C) criminologist
D) criminalist
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
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Q1) During participant observation, the researcher's primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) In a research report, a discussion of relevant previous research is usually found in the section ___________.
Answer: review of existing literature
Q3) Which of the following statements is an example of a theory?
A) Increasing job opportunities will reduce crime
B) Crime rates increased in the past year
C) Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use
D) Requiring everyone to earn a high school degree will lead to a reduction in crime
Answer: C
Q4) Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ___________ method. Answer: experimental/scientific
Q5) _________ research methods produce subjective results. Answer: Qualitative
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Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Classical School principles, law violators are deterred by ________
Answer: punishment
Q2) Explain Beccaria's philosophy of punishment and provide modern-day examples.
Answer: Answers should explain Beccaria's philosophy of punishment according to the textbook emphasizing the purpose of punishment as deterrence rather than retribution, and his view that punishment should be imposed to prevent offenders from committing additional crimes. Answers may explain the importance of level of severity, swiftness, and certainty of punishment. Modern-day examples will vary but should emphasize examples of immediate punishment intended to deter future criminal behavior.
Q3) According to the Classical School of Criminology, the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) _________ is the likelihood that a given individual will later harm other individuals or society.
Answer: Dangerousness
Q5) The Enlightenment emphasized ________ as the basic determinant of behavior
Answer: free will
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Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both men and women can exhibit the XYY chromosomal abnormality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Santa Claus is typical of which of William Sheldon's body types?
A) Ectomorphs
B) Mesomorphs
C) Endomorphs
D) Balanced type
Q3) Which of the following crime control policies would be most likely to be proposed by an early positivist criminologist?
A) An increase in the use of three-strikes laws
B) Determinate sentencing
C) Environmental design
D) Forced sterilization of convicted offenders
Q4) Biological theories argue that the basic tenants of criminal behavior are ____________ based.
Q5) Contemporary biosocial theorists see the interaction between an organism and the _________ as a key determining factor in behavior.
Q6) The _________ hypothesis explained female criminality.
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Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Biosocial criminologists argue that biological factors operate independently of environmental factors
A)True
B)False
Q2) __________ is the study of the chemical reactions occurring within a genome.
Q3) Prenatal diet can affect the risk of delinquency of the child later in life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The relationship between temperature and crime is influenced by time of day. A)True
B)False
Q5) The relationship between _________ and assault is strongest at night.
Q6) Exposure to high levels of lead is not related to juvenile crime.
A)True B)False
Q7) Discuss the relationship between weather and crime, including how various types of weather affect different types of crime, how other factors may mediate the relationship, and the theory underlying the relationship.
Q8) ----------- are bundles of genes.
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Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) A ________ psychopath is born with a normal personality but develops psychopathic characteristics as a result of personal experiences early in life.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) charismatic
D) distempered
Q2) What are the two major ideas that characterized early psychological theories? How do these apply to criminology today?
Q3) ______ is a major criminogenic domain.
A) Poor parenting skills
B) Substance abuse
C) Criminal history
D) Limited attachment
Q4) The ___________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.
Q5) All psychotic people commit crimes at some point in their lives.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to differential opportunity theory, drug use predominates in the __________ delinquent subculture
A) criminal
B) conflict
C) retreatist
D) deviant
Q2) A wealthy and socially privileged individual may still experience relative deprivation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Social _______ theories explain crime by reference to the economic and social arrangements of society.
Q4) Research suggests that feelings of general strain are negatively related to later delinquency.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Messner and Rosenfeld's relative deprivation theory blames the __________ for most criminal activity.
Q6) A subculture is communicated to participants through a process of __________.
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Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are developmental pathways? Explain the three separate pathways identified by the Causes and Correlated Study.
Q2) External containments are the most effective in preventing law violations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is
A) the reactions of society.
B) a specific quality inherent in the individual.
C) a specific quality inherent in the behavior
D) None of the above
Q4) __________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them.
A) Social learning
B) Labeling
C) Social control
D) Social structure
Q5) What does labeling theory tell us about the individual in relation to the justice system? Explain with examples.
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Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
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Q1) According to Chambliss and Seidman, the __________ a group's political or economic position, the __________ the probability that it's views will be reflected in laws.
A) lower; greater
B) lower; less
C) higher; greater
D) higher; less
Q2) Explain the basic perspective Chambliss and Seidman presented in their 1971 book, Law, Order, and Power. List and explain their four main propositions.
Q3) Radical feminists would suggest that the elimination of male domination would reduce rates of female crime and male violence against women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One criticism of radical-critical criminology is its failure to recognize that there is a fair degree of public consensus about the nature of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to the __________ perspective, the law serves all people equally.
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Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The dark figure of crime refers to
A) crime that occurs at night.
B) crime that is not reported to the police.
C) crimes committed by the police.
D) bias crimes.
Q2) Stigmatized neighborhoods increase the risk of victimization but not criminality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following members of a family is most likely to be the victim of a violent crime?
A) Grandfather
B) Mother
C) 20-year-old daughter
D) 17-year-old son
Q4) Self-report surveys provide information on the dark figure of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _________ describe the statistical qualities of a given population.
Q6) ____________ refers to the origin or cause of victimization.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most hate crimes are committed by organized hate groups and their members.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Evolutionary perspectives have been criticized for justifying rape as natural.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cyberstalking takes place on the Internet.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The majority of workplace homicides are committed by current or former employees of the workplace.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Among homicides occurring during the commission of another felony, __________ is the most likely felony to result in a homicide.
Q6) Some states still do not consider spousal rape to be a crime.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The most common scenario for rape is __________ rape.
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Q8) __________ involves the use of electronic communication to harass individuals.
Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
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Sample Questions
Q1) Low-income households are at a very low risk of burglary victimization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The majority of those involved in arson are juveniles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A(n) ___________ receiver is most likely to be used by high-level burglars.
A) professional
B) avocational
C) amateur
D) episodic
Q4) The goal of a(n) __________ burglar may be only to look around, not to actually take anything.
Q5) Which of the following vehicles is not included in the UCR's definition of motor vehicle theft?
A) Automobiles
B) Motorcycles
C) Snowmobiles
D) Airplanes
Q6) According to Mike Maguire's typology, ________ burglars are professionals.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) The Teapot Dome Scandal involved the administration of President __________
Q2) Criminal enterprises originating from the former Soviet Union are part of __________ criminal enterprises.
A) Eurasian
B) Balkan
C) Middle Eastern
D) Asian
Q3) According to Gary Green's typology of occupational crime, __________ occupational crimes benefit the employing agency.
A) organizational
B) state authority
C) professional
D) individual
Q4) According to Howard Abadinsky, increasing law enforcement resources is a way of reducing the economic lure of involvement in organized crime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify the five types of activities that may qualify as organized crime
Q6) ___________fraud is any fraud connected with communications media.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
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Q1) The Department of Justice has told federal prosecutors to take a(n) _________ approach when enforcing the Controlled Substances Act in jurisdictions that have legalized the personal or medical use of marijuana.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a drug-defined crime?
A) A drug addict commits a theft to obtain money to buy drugs
B) A drug importer kills a rival drug dealer in a territorial dispute
C) A drug dealer sells cocaine to a juvenile on the street
D) A cocaine addict assaults someone in a bar while under the influence of the drug
Q3) _________substances were widely accepted during the hippie movement of the 1960s.
Q4) What percentage of DEA cases have a Taliban component?
A) Less than 10 percent
B) Approximately 15 percent
C) Approximately 30 percent
D) Over 50 percent
Q5) Some feminists see prostitution as liberating and are redefining it as legitimate
Q6) Opium was brought to the United States by __________ immigrants.
Q7) What are designer drugs?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by white-collar and computer criminals?
A) Their acts generally involve information manipulations that create profits or losses
B) Their crimes can be committed by an individual, several people working in collusion, and/or organizations
C) Their crimes generally are committed through violent means
D) The generally require access to computers or computer storage media
Q2) ________ is the violation of a federal or state computer-crime statue
Q3) Expert systems such as NCAVC may eventually replace human criminal investigators.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Malware involves
A) phone phreaking.
B) embezzlement.
C) computer viruses.
D) software piracy.
Q5) Why might cybercrime appeal to people who would not commit crimes like burglary or robbery?
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Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
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Q1) The State Department has the authority to designate selected foreign governments as __________ of international terrorism
Q2) _________ is the phenomenon of culture-centeredness.
Q3) Persons smuggled into the U.S. are considered to be victims.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is not a reason why it is difficult to compare the crime rates of different nations?
A) Diverse crime-reporting practices
B) Political influences on the reporting of crime statistics to other agencies
C) Differences in definitions of a given crime
D) Differing population sizes in various countries
Q5) The terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building on Oklahoma City was an example of
A) international terrorism.
B) domestic terrorism.
C) cyberterrorism.
D) bioterrorism.
Q6) ________ always involves crossing an international border.
Page 18
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