Introduction to Criminology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology offers students a foundational understanding of the study of crime, criminal behavior, and the systems devised to address crime in society. The course examines key criminological theories, patterns of crime, and the roles of social, economic, and psychological factors in influencing criminal behavior. Students will explore the origins and evolution of criminology as a discipline, analyze different types of crime from street to white-collar and assess the efficacy of criminal justice institutions such as law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Through case studies and contemporary examples, this course provides the analytical tools needed to critically engage with issues of crime and justice in modern society.
Recommended Textbook Criminology A Canadian Perspective 7th Edition by Rick Linden
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17 Chapters
316 Verified Questions
316 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term criminology
A) Refers to the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
B) Only encompasses the breaking and reaction to the breaking of laws.
C) Refers to the study es of the effects of culture on crime and criminals.
D) Refers to established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct.
Answer: A
Q2) Crimes that are committed by upper-class people in the course of their legitimate business activities are referred to as
A) Blue-collar crime
B) White-collar crime
C) Pink-collar crime
D) "Society" crimes
Answer: B
Q3) A belief that law represents the agreement by most people in a society that certain acts are crimes is associated with
A) the conflict perspective
B) the consensus perspective
C) both
D) neither
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Origins and Role of Law in Society
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22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) This type of law is relevant where the state acts to try an offender and impose punishment:
A) traditional
B) civil
C) contract
D) criminal
Answer: D
Q2) Free trade zones:
A) strengthen regulation of corporations
B) must have a Charter of worker's rights and freedoms
C) reduce taxation and regulation of corporations
D) strengthen environmental protection
Answer: C
Q3) The Mode of Production is based on
A) Political institutions
B) Technology and the structure of social relationships
C) Technology and political institutions
D) Dispute settlements
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you do not look at the evidence presented to you and question the facts,you are committing the mental element of
A) Negligence
B) Mistake of fact
C) Intention
D) Wilful blindness
Answer: D
Q2) According to the text,the current test for provocation as a defence against criminal charges is
A) an objective test
B) a subjective test
C) somewhere between an objective and subjective test
D) objective for indictable offences, subjective for summary offences
Answer: C
Q3) If you have committed a crime and have used a defence of duress,you were:
A) threatened with death or grievous bodily harm.
B) forced to act based on forces of nature or emergency.
C) not in control of your mental state
D) extremely provoked into retaliation and lost self control
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the problems with the Canadian UCR is
A) several personal offences may be recorded as a single offence if they are part of the same incident.
B) Property offences are overemhasized .
C) crime categories allow too many different kinds of acts to be recorded the same way.
D) it only records indictable offences and does not take into account summary conviction offences.
Q2) In the 1960s and 1970s social scientists began to suggest that offical records of crime:
A) were basically good measures
B) were systematically biased
C) were poor measures of how the criminal justice system works to create crime
D) covered only small parts of the country
Q3) The official crime rate in Canada is expressed as the amount of crime per
A) 100 persons in the population
B) 1000 persons in the population
C) 100,000 persons in the population
D) 1 million persons in the population
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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21 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When studying crime rates among aboriginal people,research shows that
A) Crime rates on reserves are higher than those outside reserves.
B) Crime rates outside the reserves are higher than those on reserves
C) Crime rates on reserves the same as outside reserves
D) Crime rates on reserves are lower than those outside reserves
Q2) Some self-report studies have shown that:
A) the ratio of males to females among delinquents is much higher than found in UCR data
B) the ratio of males to females among delinquents is somewhat higher than found in UCR data
C) the ratio of males to females among delinquents is somewhat lower than found in UCR data
D) the ratio of males to females iamong delinquents is much lower than found in the UCR data.
Q3) One of the major differences in comparing self-report data to UCR data is:
A) self-report studies tend to over represent minor crimes
B) self-=report data tend to overrepresent major crimes
C) UCR data tends to over represent minor crimes
D) UCR data tends to over represent major crimes
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _________________ understands difference between men and women as biologically-based sex differences.
A) Feminist approach
B) Liberal approach
C) Conservative approach
D) Gender approach
Q2) Power control theory claims:
A) that women from poor families will be more likely to commit crimes
B) that women from patriarchal families will be more likely to commit crimes
C) that women commit crime under pressure from men
D) that women from egalitarian families will be more likely to commit crimes
Q3) Patriarchy is:
A) government by priests
B) a society in which males are dominant
C) government by elders
D) being proud of your country
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Chapter 7: Victimology, victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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6 Verified Questions
6 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which province was the first to provide compensation for victims of violent crime?
A) Nova Scotia
B) Saskatchewan
C) Quebec
D) Ontario
Q2) Which Canadian province currently has become the leading jurisdiction in North America in terms of implementing the best approaches to reducing crime?
A) Newfoundland and Labrador
B) Manitoba
C) Alberta
D) Ontario
Q3) Restorative justice was pioneered internationally by
A) Mennonites from Canada
B) Quakers from Philadelphia
C) Aboriginals from Saskatchewan
D) The Manitoba government
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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23 Verified Questions
23 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A criminal type thought to be a throwback to an earlier stage of evolution is known as:
A) criminaloid
B) ectomorph
C) atavist
D) endomorph
Q2) _____________________ is the belief of superior people and the belief in improving the stock of the race or the nation.
A) Atavism
B) Dysgenics
C) Eugenics
D) Somatotypes
Q3) Lombroso first postulated two types of criminals:
A) born and occasional
B) born and criminaloids
C) occasional and criminaloids
D) born and criminals of passion
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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23 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jean Piaget is associated with:
A) the study of socialization
B) moral development theory
C) psychoanalysis
D) operant conditioning
Q2) The theorists Cleckley and Hare believed that psychopaths
A) neither learn from their experiences nor fear the consequences of their behaviour
B) learn from their experiences but do not fear the consequences of their behaviour
C) fear the consequences of their behavior but do not learn from their experiences
D) learn from their experiences and fear the consequences of their behaviour
Q3) A basic form of learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a certain response is known as
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Modelling
D) Socialization
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) The War on Poverty,a crime prevention strategy adopted in the United States during the 1960s,was based on:
A) control theory
B) differential theory
C) conflict theory
D) strain theory
Q2) Which of the following refers to the inability to sustain oneself physically and materially.
A) Blocked opporunity
B) Cultural failure
C) Relative deprivation
D) Differential association
Q3) For ________,strain arose from the gap between goals and means,or aspirations and expectations.
A) Durkheim
B) Sutherland
C) Lombroso
D) Merton
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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21 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An investigation of crime and criminalization from the perspective of disadvantaged groups is associated with:
A) instrumentalist Marxism
B) structuralist Marxism
C) Weberian conflict theory
D) left realism
Q2) Honour crimes in Canada are best explained by :
A) socialist feminist theories
B) group conflict theories
C) cultural conflict theory
D) left realism
Q3) Which of the following claims that law and law enforcement is not directed by the capitalist class but serves the general long-term purpose of legitimating and upholding existing class relations:
A) radical feminism
B) group conflict theory
C) structuralist Marxism
D) instrumentalist Marxism
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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13 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following countries participated in the mistreatment of Maher Arar,the suspected terrorist EXCEPT
A) Syria.
B) Iraq.
C) the United States.
D) Canada
Q2) Which of the following refers to small and mundane relations of governance,which still have an appreciable effect on human behaviour.
A) Power
B) Discipline
C) Micro powers
D) Governmentality
Q3) A cultural criminologist who turns to novels to reveal alternative perspectives that may shake up our taken-for-granted assumptions about crime is engaging in A) surveillance.
B) attentive gaze.
C) dangerous knowledge.
D) actuarial risk.
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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24 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person defined as criminal by authorities is likely to find that it will become their:
A) self-definition
B) master status
C) primary deviance
D) secondary label
Q2) The identification of someone as criminal by public authorities is an outcome of:
A) stigma
B) labelling
C) bureaucracy
D) symbolic interactionism
Q3) The key concept of symbolic interactionism is that:
A) individuals act within a context determined by cultural expectations
B) a person's actions are limited by their class situation
C) social interaction is a dynamic process of interpretation and negotiation
D) there is great cross-cultural variation in symbols
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are valid criticisms of control theory except:
A) It has received relatively little empirical support.
B) It does not adequately account for the motivation to deviate.
C) It is too individualistic.
D) It is too conservative.
Q2) The key element in Social Bond theories state that A) lack of ties to the conventional order will increase the likelihood of association with deviant peers.
B) deviance will be highest in disorganized communities that lack social controls.
C) personal controls, particularly those provided by the family, are extremely important. D) there are four elements of the social bond: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Q3) Which author is NOT a control theorist?
A) Hirschi
B) Reiss
C) Nye
D) Glueck
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Deterrence, routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are components of Cohen and Felson's routine activities approach EXCEPT:
A) motivated offenders
B) police availability
C) suitable target
D) lack of effective guardianship
Q2) The "three strikes and you're out" law in California
A) mandates three years in prison for every felony you commit
B) mandates three extra years in prison for every felony you commit
C) mandates a life sentence for a third felony conviction
D) mandates a life sentence without parole possibility for 25 years for a third felony conviction
Q3) Who is (are)associated with environmental criminology?
A) Hindelang
B) the Brantinghams
C) Cohen and Felson
D) Linden
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a predatory/consensual crime?
A) kidnapping
B) illegal trade in organs
C) loansharking
D) stock market manipulation
Q2) Ethnic succession theory is based on
A) strain theory
B) social control theory
C) differential association theory
D) deterrence theory
Q3) Which of the following is a purely consensual crime?
A) counterfeiting
B) extortion
C) corporate fraud
D) loan sharkiing
Q4) An outlaw motorcycle gang chapter usually has ___________ members.
A) 6-10
B) 6-25
C) 15-30
D) any number
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is NOT an example of the principle that the organizational form of a corporation is a crucial feature in understanding most white-collar crime?
A) corporate concentration
B) juristic person
C) executive disengagement
D) sentencing practices
Q2) An example of an occupational crime is
A) following orders from your place of employment to dump toxic wastes in the river.
B) not honouring repair and warranty contracts for items sold at your store.
C) not scanning items purchased by members of your family cashing out at your cash register.
D) death or accidents resulting from the employee carelessness.
Q3) Goff and Reasons (1978)argued that Canada's parliament enacted anticombines laws to:
A) protect consumers
B) increase competition
C) satisfy the demands of small businesses
D) protect government taxes
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