Introduction to Criminology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminology provides an overview of the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. The course explores foundational theories that explain why individuals commit crimes, the social context of criminal activity, and the roles of law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Through examination of historical trends, current issues, and case studies, students gain insight into patterns of crime, the impact on society, and evolving responses to criminal behavior. The course also considers ethical debates and discusses preventive strategies and policies used in efforts to reduce crime.
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Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) Briefly explain the concept of correlation.How do we know if two factors are correlates?
Answer: Correlates are factors that co-vary-when one variable changes,the other does as well.Correlation does not necessarily indicate causation.
Q2) According to Thomas Sowell's typology,those who have a/an _____vision deny an innate human nature,viewing human activities as formed anew in each different culture.
A) Classical vision
B) Constrained vision
C) Phrenological vision
D) Unconstrained vision
Answer: D
Q3) Criminologists use what is known as the ______ to try to answer the questions they ask rather than simply speculate about the questions.
A) Scientific procedure
B) Scientific method
C) Technique of natural science
D) Observational analysis
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Police agencies are required by federal law to participate in the UCR reporting program.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The UCR and NCVS agree that most offenders and victims of crime are:
A) Female
B) Middle-Aged
C) Wealthy
D) Young Answer: D
Q3) The UCR and NCVS agree on the basic demographics of those most likely to commit crimes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Nearly all index crimes are mala prohibita offenses.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Q1) Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham are associated with the classical school of criminology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Cesare Lombroso was well-known for his contributions to biological positivism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What is choice structuring?
Answer: The process that individual offenders go through in making the choice to offend.
Q4) _____ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.
A) Human agency
B) Hedonistic calculus
C) Rationality
D) Positivism
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) Describe the central argument of institutional anomie theory.
Q2) Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delinquents always came from the same neighborhood regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Messner and Rosenfeld,high crime rates are intrinsic to American culture.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast Merton's strain theory to Agnew's general strain theory.How are the two alike? How are they different?
Q5) Which of the following is a gang function for many of its members?
A) Family
B) Protective Agency
C) Educational institution
D) All of the above
Q6) Explain social disorganization theory,and identify its strengths,weaknesses,and policy implications.
Q7) What is "collective efficacy"?
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Q1) Which of the following is a valid critique of labeling theory?
A) It largely ignores primary deviance as a social concern.
B) It only applies to property crimes.
C) It adopts a consensus view of deviance.
D) It unquestioningly accepts official definitions of criminality.
Q2) For social control theorists,the real question is not why some people behave so badly,but rather why most of us behave well most of the time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An offender arrested for shoplifting states: "The store is owned by a huge company; they wouldn't have even noticed this loss." This is reflective of:
A) Appeal to higher loyalties.
B) Condemnation of the condemners.
C) Denial of injury.
D) Denial of responsibility.
Q4) Identify one possible policy implication of differential association theory.
Q5) What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Q6) How does primary deviance differ from secondary deviance?
Q7) Identify one criticism of differential association theory.
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Q1) Compare and contrast the core arguments and the policy implications of Marxist criminology and peacemaking criminology.
Q2) The _____ perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism,conflict,and feminist theories.
A) Chicago
B) Classical
C) Conspiracy
D) Critical
Q3) Marxist criminologists often view that the "real" crimes in society are violations of human rights,such as racism and sexism,whereas those acts commonly referred to as "crime" are natural outgrowths of class struggle.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____ criminology argues that an overemphasis on punishing criminals escalates violence.
A) Conflict
B) Feminist
C) Marxist
D) Peacemaking
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) _____ refers to people's varying tendencies to act on matters without giving much thought to the consequences.
A) Negative emotionality
B) Conscientiousness
C) Sensation seeking
D) Impulsiveness
Q2) The regulator of neurological arousal is the _____.
A) ANS
B) EEG
C) PCL-R
D) RAS
Q3) ____? refers to an individual characteristic that constitutes a person's habitual mode of emotionally responding to stimuli.
A) Altruism
B) Intelligence
C) Personality
D) Temperament
Q4) Individuals with a readily aroused ANS are difficult to socialize.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) The idea that individuals seek and find their "niche" in society as they grow into adulthood is indicative of which type of G/E correlation?
A) Active
B) Evocative
C) Immediate
D) Passive
Q2) In hopes of acquiring a sexual partner,Johnny spends a good deal of time getting ready for his night out.According to evolutionary psychologists,this effort would be identified as:
A) Affection effort.
B) Mating effort.
C) Parenting effort.
D) Presentation effort.
Q3) Damage to the prefrontal cortex can increase the likelihood that a person will engage in antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to reward dominance theory,what causes crime?
Q5) Why do behavior geneticists use twin and adoption studies?
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) What is meant by "the maturity gap"?
Q2) One advantage of developmental theories is that they can identify characteristics that lead to onset/persistence/desistance of antisocial behavior in the same individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not a life domain as identified by Robert Agnew?
A) Family
B) Personality
C) School
D) Social Capital
Q4) _____ refers to a store of positive relationships in social networks built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time upon which the individual can draw for support.
A) Social trust
B) Social capital
C) Psychological capital
D) Biological capital
Q5) What distinguishes delinquency from criminality?
Q6) List two risk factors of early-onset delinquency.
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Q1) _____ is defined as the "taking or attempted taking of anything of value from the care of a person by force or threat of force and/or putting the victim in fear."
A) Assault
B) Burglary
C) Larceny
D) Robbery
Q2) Medical and technological improvements have contributed to the recent drop in murder rates in the U.S.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is an "honor subculture"?
Q4) _____ argue that rape is motivated by power rather than sexual desire,and that all men are capable of rape.
A) Evolutionary psychologists
B) Feminists
C) Social learning theorists
D) Therapists
Q5) What makes robbery a particularly high-risk crime for those committing it?
Q6) Identify two symptoms of rape trauma syndrome.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Define "embezzlement."
Q2) The category of motor vehicle theft includes the theft of snowmobiles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is phishing?
Q4) What distinguishes grand theft from petty theft?
Q5) A house often has expensive cars parked in the driveway,and several expensive electronics and collectibles clearly visible through its front windows.These details would factor into the offender's assessment of which of the following?
A) Guardianship
B) Proximity
C) Target Attractiveness
D) Target Exposure
Q6) Briefly describe the role of guardianship in burglars' assessment of a potential target.
Q7) Many burglars actually give up legitimate jobs in order to concentrate on burglary. A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Q1) Which of the following is true about serial killers?
A) They are unable to stop themselves from killing until they are caught or die.
B) Most of them travel among several states in their commission of crimes.
C) They are motivated by a variety of reasons, including thrill seeking and anger.
D) They are indistinguishable from spree and mass murders.
Q2) According to the diathesis-stress model of serial killing,the combination of a congenital propensity and certain environmental stressors can lead to _____.
A) Difficulty forming social bonds with motherly figures
B) Iron deficiencies that render them more susceptible to violent behavior.
C) Self-esteem, self-control, and sexual dysfunction problems
D) The uncomfortable combination of high aspirations and low social standing
Q3) A mass murder is defined as the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents over weeks,months,or even years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Identify one terrorist group that had originated prior to 1960 and was still active at the turn of the 21 century.
Q5) Define "serial murder."
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Q1) Far more fatalities each year are attributed to drug abuse than are linked to alcohol use.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding the sex trade in ancient Greece?
A) Sex work was limited to a government-run network of brothels.
B) The poor could not afford the services of sex workers.
C) There was a hierarchy of different forms of sex work.
D) There was no sex trade in ancient Greece.
Q3) Type _____ alcoholism is characterized by mild abuse and minimal criminality,and tends to begin later in life.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
Q4) Identify one physiological effect of alcohol.
Q5) Most drug use by adolescents will eventually develop into addiction.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What was the Harrison Narcotic Act? Include its significance.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) The motorcycle gang "Hell's Angels" is one example of an organized crime group.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Morielitos organized crime group specializes primarily in:
A) Drug trafficking.
B) Illegal gaming.
C) Professioal arson.
D) Sex trafficking.
Q3) Do you think that the motives of occupational criminals are the same as,or different than,those of street criminals? Support your answer with what you have learned in class.
Q4) Which of the following is considered the most serious organized crime threat in the world today?
A) Japanese Yakuza
B) La Cosa Nostra
C) Russian Mafiya
D) Tammany Society
Q5) What is the main argument of ethnic succession theory?
Q6) Briefly describe the structure of organized crime groups according to the feudal model.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) Compared to other age groups,individuals 65 or older are at a greater risk of violent crime victimization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The risk factors for violent victimization are similar to the risk factors for violent offending.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Identify one right provided by the Crime Victim's Bill of Rights.
Q4) Most victimization is random and unpredictable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Bonnie Fisher and colleagues did a study on rape among college women.As a result of this study,they identified four lifestyle factors that increased the risk of sexual assault.Identify two of these risk actors.
Q6) Males are more likely to be victimized by someone they know than by a stranger. A)True
B)False
17
Q7) Briefly discuss the risk of victimization at schools relative to other places.
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