Introduction to Criminal Justice Systems Exam Preparation
Guide
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminal Justice Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the structures, functions, and processes of the criminal justice system in the United States. The course examines the roles and interrelationships of law enforcement, the courts, and correctional agencies, emphasizing their responses to crime and justice in society. Students explore topics such as crime definitions, the rights of the accused, procedures from investigation through trial and sentencing, and the challenges faced by contemporary justice systems, including issues of diversity, ethics, and reform. The course prepares students to understand the complexities and societal implications of criminal justice policies and practices.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition by Pamela J. Schram
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology
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Q1) ______ are also designated as lower courts and they do not have power that extends to the overall administration of justice;thus,they do not try felony cases and do not have appellate authority.
A)Courts of limited jurisdiction
B)Courts of general jurisdiction
C)Courts of appellate jurisdiction
D)The Supreme Court
Answer: A
Q2) What is a judicial waiver?
Answer: The authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court.
Q3) What are the two (2)models of state police departments?
Answer: State police and highway patrol.
Q4) The structure of the criminal justice system is often presented as:
A)police and corrections
B)police and courts
C)police,courts,and corrections
D)police,victims,and courts
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime
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Q1) The Supplementary Homicide Reports allow for ______ reporting.
A)mandatory
B)minimal
C)voluntary
D)none of these
Answer: C
Q2) The UCR is broken up into two different types of crime:
A)violent and corporate crimes
B)Part I and violent crimes
C)Part I and Part II crimes
D)white-collar and street crimes
Answer: C
Q3) __________ collects data from participating agencies on officer line-of-duty deaths and assaults.
A)NCVS
B)NIBRS
C)UCR
D)LEOKA
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Classical School of Criminology Thought
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Q1) U.S.citizens sometimes take for granted the right to a trial by their peers.During Lenin's rule,the bench-trials of the old system in Russia produced a conviction rate of almost
A)100%
B)75%
C)50%
D)25%
Answer: A
Q2) According to Hobbes,if a government does not punish those individuals that break their laws,what can happen?
Answer: Breakdown of social order.
Q3) Exorcisms are still used today by some religious institutions,including the Catholic Church.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Beccaria supported capital punishment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research
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Q1) According to routine activities theory,crime and victimization are highest in places where what three (3)factors come together? Explain each factor and give an example of a crime where all three (3)factors are present.
Q2) Aggregate studies have shown evidence that an increased certainty of punishment was associated with ______ crime for most serious offenses.
A)more
B)no change in
C)less
Q3) Studies showing informal sanctions to be the source of most deterrent effects for individuals led to the creation of which theory?
A)routine activities theory
B)lifestyle theory
C)rational choice theory
D)deterrence theory
Q4) How can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?
Q5) Create a policy implication that can be derived from the theories and scientific findings of this chapter.
Page 6
Q6) Provide examples of informal and formal social control.
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Chapter 5: Early Positivism
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Q1) According to modern science and the creator of the measure,IQ cannot be changed.Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Darwin,what is natural selection?
Q3) The Positive School is a perspective that assumes individuals have free will to control their behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Darwin's theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime?
A)rational choice
B)craniometry
C)routine activities
D)born criminals
Q5) Should an individual's IQ be taken into account when they have committed a crime? Make sure your argument ties in Goddard's theories.
Q6) How can identifying young children on the basis of observed stigmata be detrimental to the child?
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Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized,researchers moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus nurture debate?
A)twin studies
B)family studies
C)adoption studies
D)twins separated at birth studies
E)cytogenetic studies
Q2) Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence behavior,particularly the interaction between the two.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective placement,the ultimate findings of these studies are still ______.
A)completely valid
B)somewhat valid
C)completely invalid
D)unknown
Q4) What do hormones do in the body?
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Chapter 7: Psychologicaltrait Theories of Crime
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Q1) What are policy implications that could be developed based upon this research?
Q2) Attachment theory is often referenced with research examining what? Are these types of studies relatable to the behavior of young children?
Q3) Individuals with low psychoticism are characterized as being all of the following EXCEPT:
A)egocentric
B)empathetic
C)peaceful
D)altruistic
Q4) An infant develops an attachment to a primary figure,which is considered what?
Q5) Describe the three dimensions associated with Hans Eysenck's theory of crime and personality.
Q6) All of the following are considered levels of low IQ by Goddard EXCEPT:
A)moron
B)imbecile
C)fool
D)idiot
Q7) According to Gilligan,why may girls fail to develop within the constraints of Kohlberg's system of moral development?
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Chapter 8: Social Structure Theories of Crime I
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Q1) Who created differential opportunity theory?
A)Merton
B)Durkheim
C)Hirschi
D)none of these
Q2) All of the following are considered the most important European researchers from which social structure theories were developed EXCEPT:
A)Andre-Michel Guerry
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Adolphe Quetelet
D)August Comte
E)Émile Durkheim
Q3) Strain theories all trace their origin to the theory of what criminologist?
Q4) ______ showed that certain types of individuals were more likely to commit crime.
A)Andre-Michel Guerry
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Adolphe Quetelet
D)August Comte
E)Émile Durkheim
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Chapter 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II
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Q1) What were Ferracuti and Wolfgang's primary conclusions from their research? What did they base their primary conclusions on? What does their cultural/subcultural theory assume?
Q2) How did Park relate the ecological principle of symbiosis to society?
Q3) What policy recommendations would you make based upon theories discussed in this chapter?
Q4) The code of the streets theory by Anderson focused on African Americans and claims that due to deprived conditions in the inner cities,black Americans feel a sense of hopelessness,isolation,and despair.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Despite the criticisms and weaknesses of the Chicago School perspective on criminology,this theory resulted in one of the largest programs to date attempting to reduce delinquency rates.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Distinguish between a culture and subculture.
Q7) Discuss the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.
Q8) Describe the Chicago Area Project and criticisms of the project.
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Chapter 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime
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Q1) What are the two (2)propositions related to control-balance theory?
Q2) Nonsocial reinforcement is considered self-reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Bandura demonstrated,through a series of theoretical and experimental studies,that a significant amount of learning takes place:
A)absent virtually any form of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
B)with lots of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
C)both a and b are correct
Q4) ______ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory.
A)Sheldon
B)Tarde
C)Shaw and McKay
D)Sutherland
Q5) Learning theories believe that individuals enter the world with a blank slate,or tabula rasa.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict-Marxistradical
Theories of Crime
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Q1) ______,in labeling theory,is the more serious,frequent offending people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders.
A)looking-glass self
B)primary deviance
C)secondary deviance
D)dramatization of evil
Q2) The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders.
A)Consensus theory
B)Conflict theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Left realism theory
Q4) Richard Quinney set forth six (6)propositions that described his social reality of crime.Explain four (4)of the six (6)propositions.
Q5) Explain Cooley's looking-glass self.
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Chapter 12: Feminist Theories of Crime
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Q1) Feminist scholars have argued that science reflects the social values and concerns of dominant societal groups.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Feminist criminology evolved when:
A)women began committing crime
B)a woman committed the first female murder
C)various assumptions and stereotypes about women in criminal justice were being questioned
D)women behaved differently than men
Q3) ______ typically collects data,usually though interviews,at one point in time that provide retrospective inquiry as to an individual's life and life experiences.
A)qualitative research
B)life-course research
C)pathways research
D)quantitative research
Q4) List the three (3)reasons or characteristics as to why a woman would have been deemed as "bad."
Q5) According to the conservative perspective,how is gender formed?
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Chapter 13: Developmentallife-Course Perspectives
Criminality
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Q1) How can you relate Sampson and Laub's transitions and trajectories to a reformed prisoner pleading for parole?
Q2) Once low self-control is set at an early age,there is no way to develop it afterward (according to the general theory of crime).Developmental theory believes that:
A)people can change over time
B)people cannot change over time
C)people will always remain the same in their beliefs
D)actions may change,but beliefs do not
Q3) Before 1970,criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ______ of individual criminal careers.
A)factors
B)variables
C)stages
D)development
Q4) What is the difference between transitions and trajectories,and how do these relate to the developmental model proposed by Sampson and Laub?
Q5) Define developmental theory.
Q6) What is the "chicken-or-egg" debate presented by Thornberry?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Cybercrime
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Q1) Labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT:
A)hiring illegal workers
B)exploiting workers
C)dumping pollution in restricted area
D)keeping unsafe work conditions
Q2) How has white-collar crime damaged the moral and social fabric of society? Discuss its place in society and ties to the community.
Q3) List the six (6)general categories of the various white-collar offenses.Give an example of each category and why they are considered an illegal act.
Q4) The first necessary condition to Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime is that:
A)offenders must be white
B)offenders must be Christian
C)offenders must be at the top of the socioeconomic status
D)both and c
Q5) Why is the argument incorrect that there was a higher percentage of companies committing corporate violations in the 1940s due to less regulation of the rules?
Q6) Why does the text state that we are all paying for corporate crimes?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Hate Crimes, Terrorism, and Home Land Security
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Q1) What are the three (3)general barriers to understanding terrorism as defined by Brian Forst?
Q2) There are documented connections between terrorist groups and drug trafficking,particularly in reference to smuggling pseudoephedrine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All of the following use game theory EXCEPT:
A)businesses
B)military
C)schools
D)politics
Q4) All of the following are considered general goals for achieving homeland security EXCEPT:
A)respond to and recover from incidents that occur
B)prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks
C)protect the American people,critical infrastructure,and key resources
D)maintain the foundation of America
Q5) Why are hate crimes considered to be subjective in nature?
Q7) What is the 3-step process associated with money laundering? Page 17
Q6) The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 prohibits what two (2)things?
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Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) What Amendment put in effect national Prohibition? Explain what Prohibition is and the two (2)sections it put into effect.What were the national effects related to Prohibition?
Q2) Identify some trends pertaining to alcohol use in the United States.
Q3) Harm reduction attempts to incorporate a public health approach to lessen the risks and harms associated with illegal drug use.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Two German scientists working at Bayer marketed and sold the first ______.
A)benzodiazepines
B)tranquilizer
C)alcoholic beverage
D)barbiturate
Q5) A decriminalization policy advocates for the accessibility of drugs through governmental regulation,such as distribution and legal age of use.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How is alcohol advertised in the United States? Give two (2)examples.
Q7) Define a racialized drug policy and give one example.
Page 19
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