Introduction to Criminal Justice Research
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminal Justice Research provides students with foundational knowledge of the principles and methodologies used in criminal justice research. The course covers essential topics such as research design, data collection techniques, sampling strategies, and ethical considerations specific to the criminal justice field. Students will explore both qualitative and quantitative approaches, learn to analyze and interpret data, and critically evaluate research findings. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to conduct basic research and assess the validity of empirical studies within the context of criminal justice systems and practices.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Research Methods for Criminal Justice 3rd Edition by Frank E. Hagan
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminal Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________ is the confirmation of the accuracy of findings or attainment of greater certitude in conclusions through additional observations.
Answer: Verification
Q2) The independent variable is the variable one is attempting to predict.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Concepts are:
A) abstract tags put on reality
B) general statements regarding the relationship between variables
C) the variable one is attempting to predict
D) specific statements regarding the relationship between Variables
Answer: A
Q4) Research concerned with addressing and providing solutions to immediate problems is called:
A) applied research
B) pure research
C) secondary research d unobtrusive research
Answer: A
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Since 1980, the most important source of guidance for ethical research in the U.S.has been:
A) Health and Human Services
B) National Criminal Justice Reference Service
C) Criminal Justice Archive and Information Network
D) National Institute of Justice
Answer: A
Q2) The new HHS guidelines regulating social science research was a frank recognition that:
A) there has been little documented harm associated with Such studies
B) there was abuse and need for more strict regulation
C) the social sciences were not prepared to regulate themselves
D) growing liability required legislation
Answer: A
Q3) Rik Scarce, author of Eco-Warriors while threatened with incarceration for refusal to reveal subjects was never actually jailed.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Research Design: the Experimental Model and Its
Variations
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________ is a fake treatment with no known effect which is administered to the control group.
Answer: Placebo
Q2) Which of the following is not a necessary step in resolving the causality problem?
A) establish that a relationship exists
B) exclude rival causal factors
C) elimination of all sources of error
D) specification of the time order of relationships
Answer: C
Q3) _________________ occurs when members of the control group find out about and request the same treatment as the experimental group.
Answer: Compensatory equalization of treatment
Q4) "Natural experiments" are those which occur as part of a natural process, where neither the setting nor the randomi zation process are controlled.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Uniform Crime Reports and Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) The redesigned UCR converts to a National Incident-Based Reporting System.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A simple random sample does not assure:
A) a probability sample
B) a representative sample
C) an equal probability of selection method
D) that the sample was selected in a probability manner
Q3) _________________ , which is a document published annually by the FBI entitled Crime in the United States, measures crime recorded by police departments.
Q4) What type of sampling procedure is most useful for interviewing widely disperse populations?
A) stratified
B) cluster
C) snowball
D) probability
Q5) Simple random samples by no means guarantee probability samples.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Survey Research: Questionnaires
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why was there such a negative reaction to Mark Hamm's survey of Indiana legislators on attitudes toward the death penalty for juveniles?
A) it "struck too close to the bone"
B) it was too statistical
C) it was too theoretical
D) it was "too legit. to quit"
Q2) Discuss some ways of checking the validity of self-report surveys.
Q3) Which of the following is not true with respect to mail questionnaire surveys?
A) they generally enable wide coverage at minimal cost
B) they usually possess problems of nonresponse
C) they are a superior data gathering procedure over experiments
D) they can be considerably enhanced through extensive follow-un
Q4) In organizing a questionnaire it is best to get sensitive items such as income out of the way early.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Drug Use Forecasting Program, while innovative, lacks any means of validation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone
Surveys
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Sample Questions
Q1) Given many of the criticisms that have been levied against victimization surveys, discuss some methods that have been employed to assure greater validity in these surveys.
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding telephone surveys?
A) more problems with interviewer bias
B) eliminates the need for a field staff
C) difficulty in follow-up
D) expensive
Q3) _________________ is the tendency of respondents to move forward and report as having occurred events that actually took place before the reference period.
Q4) Describe how one might go about conducting a telephone survey involving random digit dialing.
Q5) Random digit dialing enables:
A) the inclusion of unlisted numbers in the survey
B) the encouragement of responses to sensitive questions
C) computer assisted interviewing
D) control for interviewer bias
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Q6) _________________ study is a type of longitudinal study involving examination of the same select group over time.
Chapter 7: Participant Observation and Case Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of sampling procedure is most widely used in participant observation?
A) snowball
B) stratified
C) systematic
D) quota
Q2) There is a unanimous agreement among those conducting participant observation in criminal justice research that the investigator should avoid moralistic stances.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Polsky suggests that it is both wise and possible to study criminals in their natural environment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Regarding case studies, Travis indicated:
A) there has been too much reliance on these in criminal justice
B) there have not been enough of these in criminal justice
C) they have eclipsed quantitative methods recently
D) there has been a decline in coverage of these in recent texts
Q5) Identify and discuss the following three designs: ABA, ABAB, ABACA.
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Chapter 8: Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the
Uses of Official Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Simulation involves the transfer of observations into numerical scores.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Meta-analysis involves examining multiple studies and summarizing and comparing their statistical results.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The subsequent explanation of the true purposes of deceptive research to participants is called:
A) debriefing
B) replication
C) recapitulation
D) meta-analysis
Q4) Hagan's study of authors' definitions of organized crime represents an example of:
A) secondary analysis
B) meta analysis
C) content analysis
D) factor analysis
Page 10
Q5) Discuss and give some examples of the major types of unobtrusive methods.
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Chapter 9: Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________ is a type of reliability in which alternate forms of the instrument are administered to the same group.
Q2) In requiring arrestees to answer questions regarding drug usage the ADAM program is a potential violation of due process.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Questions of validity and reliability are applicable to quantitative studies and are of less concern in qualitative studies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If one's measure is valid, then one can assume that it is reliable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) "Using different methods to measure the same thing" is a description of:
A) convergent validity
B) construct validity
C) pragmatic validity
D) ex officio validity
Q6) Discuss the three primary methods of attempting to demonstrate reliability.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Scaling and Index Construction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Uniform Crime Reports crime index weighs the seriousness of crimes in constructing the overall index.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A scaling procedure consisting of a seven? or nine-point, bipolar rating scale is a:
A) Q sort
B) Thurstone
C) Likert
D) Semantic Differential
Q3) Discuss the three major attitude scales used in the social sciences.What are their relative advantages/disadvantages?
Q4) The use of appropriate statistical procedures can assure that one is using adequate indicators for concepts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Most attitudinal scales used in the social sciences are ordinal in nature.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Policy Analysis and Evaluation Research
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Q1) Discuss the general steps involved in evaluation research. How do these differ in focus from the general steps in standard research Projects?
Q2) Having an evaluation cost more than the operating costs of the program it is designed to assess is absurd according to the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) PPBS stands for:
A) Public Policy Business Systems
B) Political Policy Bureaucratic Systems
C) Program Planned Before Spending
D) Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems
Q4) DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) was one of the programs identified as one that "works".
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is evaluation research and in what ways does it differ from the type of research that has been discussed previously throughout the text? What types of questions does evaluation research ask?
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