Introduction to Criminal Justice
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminal Justice offers a comprehensive overview of the criminal justice system, including its key components: law enforcement, the courts, and corrections. Students will explore the history, development, and contemporary functioning of criminal justice institutions and processes in the United States. The course examines the roles of police, prosecutors, judges, and correctional officers, as well as the impact of laws, policies, and societal factors on crime and justice. Emphasis is placed on foundational theories of crime, the rights of the accused, ethical issues, and current challenges facing the criminal justice system.
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Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 7th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock
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Chapter 1: Morality, ethics, and Human Behavior
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Q1) According to the text,behavioral decisions that can be judged under ethical standards involve four elements.Which of the following is one of these elements?
A) the judge must be present
B) animals may not be involved
C) individual was coerced
D) behavior stems from free will
Answer: D
Q2) We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly:
A) threatens nature
B) affects others
C) deviates from the norm
D) corrupts the social order
Answer: B
Q3) The term ________________ refers to exploring issues with one's heart as well as one's mind.
Answer: wholesight
Q4) ___________________ determines what people ought to do and defines moral duties.
Answer: Normative ethics
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Determining Moral Behavior
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Q1) The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations is called:
A) moral pluralism
B) situational ethics
C) ethical formalism
D) natural law
Answer: A
Q2) The system of ethics of virtue is associated with:
A) Kant
B) Aquinas
C) Aristotle
D) Hobbes
Answer: C
Q3) Aristotle's concept of moderation,in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency,is called:
A) the principle of eudaimonia
B) the principle of the golden mean
C) the principle of moral latitude
D) the principle of the moral exemplar
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Justice and Law
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Q1) Which type of justice is concerned with business dealings?
A) libertarian
B) corrective
C) rectificatory
D) distributive
Answer: C
Q2) Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of:
A) distributive justice
B) corrective justice
C) punitive justice
D) rectificatory justice
Answer: B
Q3) Which theory of distributive justice places need above desert or entitlement?
A) Libertarian
B) Utilitarian
C) Egalitarian
D) Marxist
Answer: D
Q4) _____________________ justice is concerns fairness in business dealing.
Answer: Rectificatory
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Chapter 4: Becoming an Ethical Professional
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Q1) A combination of moral training and a positive social environment has been shown to improve both moral reasoning and moral behavior in offender populations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Kohlberg,all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _____________________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.
Q4) ______________________ are employees who exposes what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.
Q5) Sanitizing language,such as "wasting" or "whacking" instead of killing is an example of:
A) behavioral classification
B) metaphorical cataloging
C) cognitive adage
D) euphemistic labeling
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Chapter 5: The Police Role in Society
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Q1) Explain how the social contract is the source of police power and explain the elements or characteristics of policing that logically flow from such power.
Q2) Reuss-Ianni found that the informal subculture of police enforced the notion that managers were not to be trusted.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Authority is defined as:
A) the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance
B) the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
C) the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
D) the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role
Q4) Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical standards derived from the social contract except:
A) safety and security
B) integrity
C) fair access
D) teamwork
Q5) Compare and contrast the due process model and crime control model.
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Chapter 6: Police Discretion and Dilemmas
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Q1) The U.S.Supreme Court has defined legal force as the force which is objectively reasonable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compare and contrast the "third degree," the father confessor," and the "good cop/bad cop" approaches to police investigations.
Q3) In May 2010,Arizona passed a controversial law requiring police officers in the state to:
A) ask for proof of citizenship or residency from everyone they stopped
B) ask for proof of citizenship or residency from all motorists
C) ask for proof of citizenship or residency if there was reasonable suspicion that the person was an illegal immigrant
D) ask for proof of citizenship or residency if the person looked Hispanic
Q4) Which approach to determine entrapment has the U.S.Supreme Court endorsed?
A) the objective approach
B) the subjective approach
C) the combined approach
D) the U.S. Supreme Court has not endorsed any approach as of yet
Q5) List and discuss the three standards that accepted lies must meet.
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Chapter 7: Police Corruption and Misconduct
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Q1) The New York City officers,called the _____________________ were involved in theft,robbery,and selling drugs in the 1980's.
Q2) Transparency International finds that the country with the highest integrity scores for their law enforcement agencies include the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Barker and Carter proposed that police abuse of authority comes in all of the following areas except:
A) physical abuse
B) psychological abuse
C) legal abuse
D) sexual abuse
Q4) Research on excessive force finds that:
a. It is a widespread problem.
b. It seems to be an activity that is disproportionally engaged in by a small number.
c. It is increasing.
d. It is particularly a problem in the south.
Q5) What are the arguments against gratuities? Provide examples.
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Chapter 8: Law and Legal Professionals
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Q1) Legal paternalism is consistent with the ethical system of ethics of care.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Criminal law is also called:
A) natural law
B) positivist law
C) corrective law
D) human contract law
Q3) According to the _____________________ paradigm,there are many groups in society and they form allegiances and coalitions in a dynamic exchange of power.
Q4) Pornography must be considered harmful to individuals in order for legal moralism to be a valid justification for laws against it.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Natural law refers to man-made law.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List and discuss the major justifications for law presented in your text.
Q7) What are Good Samaritan laws? Give examples.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Discretion and Dilemmas in the Legal Profession
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Q1) The Federal Sentencing Guidelines have been the subject of recent Supreme Court rulings,which have:
A) upheld their legality
B) denied the use of the guidelines only when based on evidence not proven in court
C) required the prosecutor to not use enhanced sentence provisions
D) ruled that judges could use their discretion in sentencing
Q2) Defendant rehabilitation is an office policy:
A) that weeds out those cases in which the evidence is not strong enough to support further action
B) with goals of efficiency and accountability; all decisions are made with these goals in mind, so many cases result in dismissals
C) that emphasizes diversion and other rehabilitation tools rather than punitive goals
D) that encourages a charge that can be sustained through trial
Q3) The responsibility of _________________ is to look into allegations of wrongdoing by public servants.
Q4) Discuss what jury consultants do and why they have been criticized.
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Chapter 10: Ethical Misconduct in the Courts and Responses
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Q1) Describe and discuss what polls show regarding the public's attitude toward attorneys.
Q2) To ______________ is to excuse oneself from deciding a case because of real or the appearance of bias.
Q3) In ______________________,the Supreme Court ruled that defendants had no constitutional right to DNA evidence.
A) District Attorney v. Osborne
B) Garcetti v. Ceballos
C) Purkett v. Elem
D) Batson v. Martinez
Q4) Aronson and McMurtrie identified prosecutorial misconduct as "tunnel vision," arguing that:
A) an innocent suspect will always be considered guilty by the judge
B) truly innocent, law-abiding citizens do not get prosecuted
C) prosecutors work under a bias that defendants are guilty, therefore they ignore exculpatory evidence
D) prosecutors generally have a quota that they must fulfill
Q5) Several of the authors of the Bill of Rights were ____________________ theorists.
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Chapter 11: The Ethics of Punishments and Corrections
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Q1) In your text,anything used to induce behavioral change with the goal of eliminating dysfunctional or deviant behavior and encouraging productive and normal behavior patterns is referred to as:
A) punishment
B) retribution
C) treatment
D) restoration
Q2) The idea that the majority misperceive the prevalence of a belief because of a vocal minority is called __________________.
Q3) _________ basic formula for punishment provides that the utility of punishment to society (by deterring crime)outweighs the negative of the punishment itself.
A) Beccaria's
B) Bentham's
C) Mackie's
D) Rawls's
Q4) How would Bentham defend punishment? Contrast that position with Kant's position.
Q5) What are the ways in which prison is harmful?
Q6) Explain the issues involved in the use of supermax prisons.
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Chapter 12: Discretion and Dilemmas in Corrections
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Q1) During the early 1970s there was an era called the _______________ where many correctional programs were established and there was a belief that corrections could successfully change offenders.
Q2) Describe the discretion of probation and parole officers and provide examples of ethical and unethical applications of discretion.
Q3) Jail officers have a unique population in that their population is transitory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Officers who do the minimal level of work are referred to as ____________.
Q5) The interdependence that may develop between correctional officers and inmates that is characterized by favoritism is called:
A) Pluralistic ignorance
B) Reciprocity
C) "Trickle down" supervision
D) Hostile loyalty
Q6) The rehabilitative era took place in the 1980s.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Discuss ethical issues for probation and parole officers and differentiate them.
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Chapter 13: Correctional Professionals: Misconduct and Responses
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Q1) Explain how Abu Ghraib can provide us with lessons for managing the ethical prison.
Q2) The "trickle down" theory of ethical management is that correctional officers will treat inmates the way they perceive they are being treated by management.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the 1990s,Corcoran prison guards in California were accused of setting up gladiator-type fights between inmates and encouraging or allowing prisoner rapes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The scandal at Abu Ghraib led to a national commission to study prison practices in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The Commission on Safety and Abuse in America found that U.S.prisons suffer from a culture of _________________ and a lack of positive treatment goals.
Q6) List and discuss the three types of prisoner abuse that Bomse identified.
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Chapter 14: Making Ethical Choices
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Q1) Compare and contrast the crime control approach and the public service approach of law enforcement.
Q2) "Waterboarding" is also known as:
A) "water interrogation"
B) the "water cure"
C) the "aquatic interrogation"
D) "aquatic policing"
Q3) In which of the following whistle-blowing incidents was General Taguba involved?
A) The "Quantico Circuit"
B) "Abu Ghraib"
C) The exposure of secret prisons in the Pentagon
D) Taguba was not involved in any of these events
Q4) The principle of double effect would justify a bombing that resulted in the death of civilians if the target was a military target.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The policing approach called the ___________________ recognizes the police as servants to the public good and states that although crime control is important,protection of civil liberties should be the fundamental mission.
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